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PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

In the Young Men's Christian 
Associations of North America 

(REVISED EDITION) 




ASSOCIATION PRESS 

Nbw Yo»k: 347 Madison Avbnub 
1920 






Copyright, 1920, by 

Thb International Committee of 

Young Men's Christian Associations 



ICI.A565523 



CONTENTS 

CHAPTER PAGE 

Preface v 

I History i 

11 The Field and Scope 19 

III Object and Principles 55 

IV General Organization of the Depart- 

ment 73 

V Department Program 108 

VI Program Continued 132 

VII The Physical Director 149 

VIII Amateur Athletics and Their Adminis- 
tration 178 

IX Training and Supervising Agencies . . 201 

X Physical Training in the Army and Navy 217 

Appendix I Hints on Organizing Summer Pro- 
gram 230 

Appendix II Amateur Athletics .... 257 



PREFACE 

The present volume is a revision of " Physical Train- 
ing," the Association textbook, written at the Lakehurst 
Conference. As that volume was the work of a number 
of different committees meeting separately with little 
chance for consultation with each other it necessarily con- 
tained many repetitions, and while some features of the 
work were unduly emphasized others were not given the 
space their importance demanded. 

This revision is an attempt to correct those faults while 
adhering to the principle laid down at that gathering. 
The historical sketch and several of the chapters have 
been rewritten but wherever possible the text of the for- 
mer volume has been used. Many suggestions by M. I. 
Foss and Dr. Geo. J. Fisher have added to the value and 
clearness of the text and acknowledgment is given them 
for their painstaking criticisms and for the parts written 
by them. 

Owing to the limit set for such a textbook, the treat- 
ment of many subjects is necessarily brief and is sug- 
gestive rather than exhaustive. 

G. F. P. 



PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

CHAPTER I 
HISTORY 

The Young Men's Christian Association was organ- 
ized by George Williams, a clerk in a drapery establish- 
ment at St. Paul's Churchyard, London, England, June 
6, 1844. 

This young man, an earnest Christian, and deeply in- 
terested in the welfare of his fellows, invited a group of 
associates in the same employ to meet in his room and 
talk over ways and means to improve the conditions of 
young clerks, especially their religious life. 

The object of this parent Association was stated thus: 
" The improvement of the spiritual condition of the 
young men in the drapery and other trades." 

This purpose was soon enlarged to include their 
mental and social needs. Attractive rooms were secured 
where reading matter was kept on file and popular lec- 
tures given. Membership was limited to members of 
churches and those that gave evidence of " converted 
character." Young men not Christians were admitted 
to associate membership, but took no part in the conduct 
or management of the organization. In 1848 a library 
was opened and a short time afterward the simpler 
forms of educational work were attempted. Physical 
training received no attention in this early movement. 

The first Associations in America were organized in 

I 



2 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

Montreal and Boston in 185 1, on the same basis as the 
English Association, the work being similar in character 
and scope. 

The first mention of physical work is found in the 
Annual Report of Brooklyn, N. Y., Association in 1885, 
as follows : " It is undeniably true that the young men 
of our cities, especially those to whom the possession of 
that physical development upon which health of body, 
strength of mind, and even moral stamina are so neces- 
sary, require the stimulus and recuperative energy of 
recreation and manual exercises. . . . Relaxation, di- 
version, and animated recreation are a pressing need." 

At the third Annual Conference of the Associations 
of North America, held in Montreal in 1856, the physical 
work came up for discussion and a special committee, of 
which George D. Bell of Brooklyn was chairman, was 
appointed to consider and report on the matter. It sub- 
mitted the following : 

" I. That as bodily health is intimately connected with 
mental and spiritual activity and development, anything 
which conduces to the same must be beneficial per se. 

2. That, when properly conducted, gymnasiums, baths, 
and bowling alleys are beneficial to bodily health and de- 
velopment. 

3. That the public sentiment in many of our cities in 
regard to bowling alleys renders it inexpedient for the 
convention to recommend their establishment. 

4. That the convention recommends, where practical, 
the establishment of baths, to be as far as possible self- 
supporting, that is, to be maintained apart from the reg- 
ular dues of the Association." 

These resolutions were tabled. 

In Washington, D. C, in 1856, a committee was ap- 



HISTORY 3 

pointed to consider and report plans for inaugurating 
physical work, but nothing was done. 

The sentiment in favor of this movement, however, 
was gaining strength and could not be ignored. 

In 1858 the Brooklyn Association reported a strong 
pressure in favor of physical training and the installation 
of bowling alleys. The Annual Report quotes the fol- 
lowing from an address by Henry Ward Beecher: 
" The amusement question must be faced ; men whose 
principal occupation is brain work need muscular amuse- 
ment; men whose principal occupation is muscular work 
need brain amusement; two classes of amusement are 
needed — a so-called social and a muscular.'' 

At the National Convention held in New Orleans in 
i860, four years after the Montreal resolutions were 
tabled, the following was unanimously adopted : " That 
the establishment of gymnasiums is desirable and ex- 
pedient, provided they be in all cases under exclusive 
control of such Associations as may choose to adopt this 
feature as a safeguard against the allurements of ob- 
jectionable places of resort, which have proved the ruin 
of thousands of the youth of our country.'' 

The Civil War rendered it impossible for the Associa- 
tions to branch out into new lines and the agitation in 
favor of the physical work was held in abeyance for a 
time, but it was by no means eliminated. At the 
National Convention held in Boston in 1864, the Reverend 
H. C. Potter read an essay in which the following state- 
ment appears: 

" Any machinery, however, will be incomplete which 
does not take in the whole man. ... If our Associa- 
tions would make it a question of how much they can 
afford toward giving healthful mental and perhaps phy- 



4 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

sical recreation, what machinery they could put in op- 
eration." 

All that was now needed was a leader of national 
reputation to crystallize this sentiment into actual effort. 
This leadership was found in Robert R. McBurney, the 
General Secretary of the Twenty-third Street Associa- 
tion, New York City, who, when planning the great 
building at Twenty-third Street and Fourth Avenue, at 
the suggestion of William Wood, who owned a private 
gymnasium, included in the equipment a gymnasium, 
bowling alleys, and baths. The plans were drawn by 
Mr. Wood and the apparatus with which it was equipped 
was designed and manufactured under his supervision. 

In 1866 the Constitution of the New York City As- 
sociation was changed to read, '* The object of this As- 
sociation shall be the improvement of the spiritual, 
mental, social, and physical condition of young men." 

This building was opened in 1869 and Mr. Wood be- 
came the first Physical Director. The same year the 
San Francisco Association provided a gymnasium in its 
new building, but this was a much smaller structure. 

Mr. Wood had the distinction of being the pioneer and 
forerunner of that splendid body of men who later be- 
came not only the leaders in the physical work of the 
Association, but of the physical training movement 
throughout the entire country. He brought to the work 
a large experience gained in conducting a private gym- 
nasium, and under his enthusiastic and energetic man- 
agement the movement was a success from the very first. 

At this time physical training in the country was in a 
chaotic state. The German and Swedish systems had 
been imported unchanged, but except in isolated in- 
stances, had not met with popular approval. Dr. Die 



HISTORY 5 

Lewis with his system of light gymnastics had popular- 
ized the lighter forms of exercise, but there was nothing 
that could be called an American system. Athletics and 
games were extensively indulged in, baseball, a distinctly 
American game, being the favorite, while cricket, la- 
crosse and football had many devotees. 

Three colleges had built and equipped gymnasiums in 
i860, namely, Amherst, Yale, and Harvard. 

In 1861, Edward Hitchcock, M. D., a graduate of 
Amherst College and Harvard Medical School, was 
called to take charge of Amherst College Gymnasium and 
the following appears in a report of his work made to 
the Board of Trustees of the College in 1881. It is a 
fairly accurate description of the character of physical 
training carried on by colleges and schools in this early 
period : 

" Physical culture, as expressed to Amherst College 
students by the experiences of the past twenty years, 
means something besides, something in addition to, mus- 
cular exercise. It includes cleanliness of skin, attention 
to stomach and bowels, relaxation from daily mental 
work, freedom from certain kinds of petty discipline, but 
with so much requirement and restraint as will give co- 
herence, respect, and stability to the methods of main- 
taining health and the men employing them. The way 
in which students here are called upon to secure health 
and its correct and normal maintenance for college re- 
quirements, is to be sure of some active, lively, and vig- 
orous muscular exercise at stated periods ; not requiring 
a rigid military or hardening drill of certain portions of 
the body, but offering them such exercises as shall, while 
regularly engaged in, be vigorous, pleasant, recreative, 
and at the same time, even without a manifest conscious- 
ness of it, be calling into exercise their powers in active, 
vigorous, easy, and graceful movements. Light wooden 
dumb-bells, weighing about one pound each, are placed 



6 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

in the hand, and then a series of movements are directed 
and timed by music, occupying in all from 20 to 30 
minutes each day, and are simultaneously performed by 
a whole class under the lead of the captain. . . . 

*' During the first few years of our work, the simpler 
and easier forms of heavy gymnastic work were required 
of all the classes ; every man was expected to practice 
heavy gymnastics under the direction of the leader, one 
of the class. This became very tedious work, irksome 
and impossible for men to do except with such effort, 
moral and physical as was injurious to be put on a large 
part of the class. . . . But it was found out that the 
men who were sound in all four of their limbs and eye- 
sight could go through movements enough with wooden 
dumb-bells to secure the necessary muscular waste and 
development for healthful study, and hence no require- 
ment for heavy gymnastic work has been made of any 
student for the past fifteen years. At the same time 
there are a few who take as naturally to heavy gym- 
nastics, and as profitably too, as ducks to water, and 
these are allowed and encouraged to reasonable efforts 
in this direction. These at first are guided and watched, 
but they are at length allowed and expected to go on 
with their exercises in this direction at their own dis- 
cretion, save with the aid of one of the members of the 
older classes who has shown himself the best gymnast in 
the college." 

The type of work conducted by Mr. Wood was largely 
of this character. A vigorous and rapid calisthenic 
drill with wooden dumb-bells was followed by a few min- 
utes on the apparatus, the period ending with a run around 
the gymnasium floor, the indoor running track not hav- 
ing been invented. Mr. Wood was not a promoter and 
the influence of his work was not felt outside of New 
York City. In a word, he was a gymnastic instructor 
only and was in no sense an Association officer. To the 
work of the other departments, and especially the re- 



HISTORY 7 

ligious, he felt no responsibility. This was not at all 
strange, for the attitude of the religious leaders of the 
Associations was one of tolerance, if not active opposi- 
tion to the physical work, and it was considered largely 
in the light of an attraction to draw young men under 
religious influence.^ 

Physical work now became a permanent feature of the 
Association activities and in nearly all the new buildings 
erected accommodations were provided for its prosecu- 
tion. At first grudgingly, but later, as its importance 
was recognized, spacious and well-lighted and ventilated 
rooms were planned. Brooklyn and Boston erected 
gymnasiums which were models for their time. 

The progress of the movement met with opposition 
from many of the religious leaders of the Association 
who could see no relation between the spiritual and phy- 
sical natures of men. The conception of the unity of man 
had found no place in the thought of the majority of its 
secretaries and lay workers. The movement lacked the 
essentials of Christian leadership. This introductory 
period lasted for about fifteen years. 

In 1877, the Boston Association engaged the services 
of Robert J. Roberts, an earnest Christian young man, 
as physical director, and it was largely through his efiforts 
and those of the men whom he trained that the physical 
work came to be recognized as an important adjunct to 
the religious work. 

Mr. Roberts entered the Association work at a critical 
period. He was an enthusiast in physical training. 
Previous to his employment by the Association his eve- 
nings were given up entirely to gymnastics. He was a 

1 Mr. Wood continued in charge at this Association until the fall of 
1888, when he retired to take up business, having been twenty years in 
the service. 



8 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

member of the Union Gymnasium, Dr. Winship's gym- 
nasium, and the Association gymnasium, in each of 
which places he spent two evenings every week. The 
Association at Boston had been very much discouraged 
with the results of its physical work and was contem- 
plating discontinuing it when Mr. Roberts asked for a 
trial as instructor. When he took charge the member- 
ship was 226, but in 1885, nine years later, it had in- 
creased to 1,270. 

His enthusiasm was unbounded. He became dissatis- 
fied with the type of work with which he had been fa- 
miliar. The heavy work of Winship convinced him, he 
says, " that health did not necessarily improve as 
strength increased," and that the heavy lifting of Dr. 
Winship's system did not yield the '' greatest good to 
the greatest number, physically speaking," and Die 
Lewis's exercises he considered too light. Dr. Leonard, 
in '' Pioneers of Modern Physical Training," quotes him 
as saying: 

" I noticed that when I taught slow, heavy, fancy, and 
more advanced work in acrobatics, gymnastics, athletics, 
etc., that I would have a very large membership at the 
first of the year, but that they would soon drop out be- 
cause they could not do the work, and . . . the weak 
members would not renew the next season. ... I give 
most of my attention to those who need it most, the be- 
jDfinners, and those who cannot for various reasons do 
the more advanced work. By . . . pushing simple work 
I can get more men to go into it, and find it easier to get 
leaders to teach it, and also can run more classes in a 
day. ... In the competitive work and the harder kind 
of safe exercises the men leave the classes and become 
spectators, but when I reach easier work the crowd do 
the work and the few look on." 



HISTORY 9 

Mr. Roberts also emphasized trunk exercises, rather 
than those of the legs and arms, so as to influence the 
respiration and circulation favorably and keep the ab- 
dominal organs in a condition of healthy activity. He 
gave special attention to the muscles which expand the 
chest, draw back the head and shoulders and hold the 
body erect. According to the *' Roberts Platform," as 
it came to be known, all exercises should be safe, short, 
easy, beneficial, and pleasing. They must be safe for 
the man who does them, i. e., well within the limit of 
his capacity at the time. When apparatus is employed 
such work must be selected that the members of the 
squad or class follow each other rapidly without tedious 
waits. No exercise must represent more than a sHght 
advance over others which have preceded it. " Each 
must serve some definite and useful end," instead of be- 
ing chosen at random and with nothing in mind beyond 
the mere desire to keep the class busy. It must give 
pleasure, if it is to exert its full eflfect and not degenerate 
into a sort of monotonous and mechanical " grind." 
These principles found illustration in the '' Roberts 
Dumb-bell Drill," and the little volume of " Classified 
Gymnasium Exercises, with Notes," which were very 
generally used in Associations twenty years ago. 

Not the least of the contributions of Mr. Roberts to 
the physical work was the large number of men he 
trained for the physical directorship. During the years 
1885, 1886, and 1887 he sent no less than twenty-eight 
meii into the work. Dr. L. H. Gulick thus sums up his 
contribution to physical training in the Association : 

"He developed a distinctive style of gymnastic work 
which is exceedingly simple, is attractive, can be op- 
erated in large classes, is effective in relation to the vital 



10 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

functions of digestion, circulation, and respiration, and 
which can be successfully taught by teachers of mediocre 
ability. The wholesome and helpful personality of the 
man, his unswerving loyalty to his own platform, and the 
enthusiasm for right living with which he inspires his 
classes have made him a notable figure among his col- 
leagues. The ' Health Hints ' and other short articles 
published from time to time, chiefly in the Young Men's 
Era and other Association organs, have been lay sermons 
on his one text, * Hygienic body-building.' Among other 
inventions and improvements in gymnasium equipment, 
we owe to him the indoor shot, the medicine ball, the 
thick felt mattress, and the felt and canvas running track. 
The objective of Mr. Roberts' work can be summed up in 
one word — Health." 

Another man to whom not a little credit belongs for 
breaking down the prejudices of the religious leaders 
against physical work was J. Gardner Smith, a strong 
Christian worker, who was in charge of the physical de- 
partment at the Young Men's Institute, New York City, 
while a student at the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons. He organized the first Leaders' Corps in the As- 
sociation in 1885 and conducted a strong religious work 
among the members of the Physical Department, his Sun- 
day morning Bible class being especially popular and 
successful. He spoke before many Association gather- 
ings and to his influence the Physical Department owes 
much of its earlier success. Dr. Smith remained in the 
work for many years as Physical Director of the Harlem 
Branch, New York City. He resigned to become Di- 
rector of Physical Education of Public Schools in New 
York City, which position he resigned to give his entire 
time to the practice of medicine. 

The Physical Department of the Association was now 
entering upon a period of rapid expansion. In 1885 



HISTORY II 

David Allen Reed, a clergyman in Springfield, Massa- 
chusetts, organized a school for the training of secretaries 
for the Association work. In 1887 this course was en- 
larged and a Department of Physical Training was or- 
ganized under the leadership of Dr. Luther H. Gulick 
and associated with him was R. J. Roberts, who had been 
called from Boston. ' 

Dr. Gulick, while a student at Oberlin College in 1885, 
where he had as roommate Thomas D. Wood (now Dr. 
Wood of Columbia University), became interested in 
physical training through a series of circumstances de- 
scribed by himself thus : 

" The advent of one of Dr. Sargent's graduates. Miss 
Delphine Hanna, now Dr. Hanna, had brought to our 
minds in a more vivid way than ever before, that there 
really was such a thing as scientific teaching of gym- 
nastics, genuine body building. We had both of us iDeen 
very much interested in the gymnastics and athletics of 
the college, had identified ourselves thoroughly with all 
the work that was going on in these lines, and had read 
as far as we were able to what had been written on the 
subject at that time. Blaikie's ' How to Get Strong,' par- 
ticularly the chapter entitled, ' What a College Gymna- 
sium Might Be and Do,' filled us with enthusiasm. One 
Sunday afternoon we took a long walk out into the woods, 
and sitting beside a rail fence we looked forward to the 
future of physical training. That day, that hour, was a 
turning point for both of us ; and . . . the glimpse which 
we secured that day of the future has remained ... a 
prophecy of the work which each of us was to do." 

Dr. Gulick was so impressed by the importance of the 
subject and its immediate necessities and opportunities 
that he gave up his studies at Oberlin to attend Dr. 
Sargent's Normal School of Physical Training at Har- 
vard. The following spring he became physical director 



12 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

of the gymnasium in the Association at Jackson, Michi- 
gan, but resigned in the fall of the same year to take up 
the study of medicine at the University of New York. 
In the summer of 1887 he and R. J. Roberts, conducted 
the first Summer School for Physical Directors at 
Springfield, Massachusetts, and in the fall he organized 
the Department of Physical Training in the School for 
Christian Workers. At the same time he continued his 
studies at the Medical College and gave part time to the 
International Committee in an advisory capacity on the 
physical work at large. He graduated in medicine in 
1889 and then gave his entire effort to organizing the 
work of the school and supervising the general work as 
secretary of the Physical Department of the International 
Committee. 

To Dr. Gulick belongs the credit of establishing the 
physical work of the Association upon a sane and scien- 
tific basis. His studies and writings on the philosophy 
of exercise, and the biology, psychology, and physiology 
of adolescence, were not only a stimulus to the physical 
work in the Association, but to the physical training 
movement throughout the country. His writings cre- 
ated an enlarged interest in the work for boys and his 
paper on the '^ Psychological, Pedagogical and Religious 
Aspect of Group Games," is one of the classics of the 
literature of physical training. He laid particular em- 
phasis on the unity of man and introduced the equilat- 
eral triangle, base upward, as a symbol of this unity, the 
sides of the triangle representing Mind and Body re- 
spectively, the top. Spirit. This was adopted as the In- 
ternational emblem for the whole Association move- 
ment. 



HISTORY 13 

The progress of the physical training movement was 
now both rapid and permanent. 

A Summer School for Physical Directors was con- 
ducted from 1887 to 1891 by the Springfield School. In 
this latter year basket ball was invented by Dr. Naismith, 
then one of the students at the school. In 1892 it called 
the first Summer Conference of Physical Directors, at 
which the preparation of a gymnastic and calisthenic 
nomenclature was begun. These conferences were the 
birthplaces of many of the present successful features of 
the physical work. 

The discussion of anthropometry was one of the chief 
features at the conferences, and out of these discussions 
arose that extensive system of measurements and tests 
which held for so long a time a large place in the physical 
examination but which have now been almost discarded. 

Emphasis was placed upon the all-round work, and Dr. 
Gulick brought out the indoor and outdoor pentathlons, 
which were received with immediate favor. He also in- 
troduced the point system of scoring which has since 
come into almost universal use. 

At the International Convention in 1889 and 1891 the 
advisability of forming an athletic league within the As- 
sociation was discussed and at the International Conven- 
tion of 1893 the Physical Department Committee of the 
International Committee was instructed to present a 
working plan for such an organization to the next con- 
vention. 

At the convention held in Springfield in 1895, the In- 
ternational Committee was directed to proceed with the 
organization, which it did, and on February 13, 1896, 
the constitution of the Athletic League of North America 



14 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

was adopted, which placed the direction of the League 
with the International Committee. The purpose of the 
organization was stated as follows: 

1. The furtherance of Association Physical Depart- 
ment work. 

2. The institution, regulation, and government of in- 
ter-Association gymnastic and athletic meets of all 
kinds. 

3. The securing and maintenance of a genuine ama- 
teur basis in Association sport. 

In the first year of its existence 87 Associations joined 
the League. It published its first handbook in 1897, 
which contained, besides the Constitution and By-laws 
of the League, rules for various athletic events, working 
schemes for all-round competition, rules for marching, 
dumb-bell drills, apparatus work, etc., all of which were 
the result of the work of the Summer Conferences of 
Physical Directors which were now called by the League. 

In 1889 the League affiliated with the Amateur 
Athletic Union, the national body controlling athletics 
in the United States and Canada. 

In 1884 a Western Conference was held at Lake Ge- 
neva, Wisconsin, and in 1890 a Department of Physical 
Training was organized at the Association Training 
School at Chicago. 

The Physical Directors' Conference up to this time 
was in no sense a representative body, and all its recom- 
mendations were subject to the approval of the Athletic 
League. 

In 1902 the first Physical Directors' Conference was 
called at Jamestown, N. Y., by the directors themselves, 
and the Physical Directors' Society was then organized. 
This society has been the dominating factor in shaping 



HISTORY 15 

the policies and standards of physical work in the As- 
sociation in later years. 

The Physical Department, now possessing a strong in- 
ternal organization manned by a body of trained Christian 
specialists, has entered upon a period of extension. 

Physical Training, published monthly, has been able to 
conduct a program of education which has been an effi- 
cient means of unifying and propagating the various 
Physical Department activities. 

Dr. Gulick resigned both from the School at Springfield 
and as Secretary of the Physical Department of the Inter- 
national Committee to become head of the Department 
of Physical Training in the public schools of New York 
City.^ Dr. George J. Fisher, who had been Physical Di- 
rector at Cincinnati and Brooklyn Central, was appointed 
to succeed him. Dr. Fisher brought to the office the 
qualities of leadership most needed at this time, those of 
the promoter and organizer. Under his guidance the 
work of the Association has been extended to include not 
only those young men and boys within the Association, 
but also the young men and boys of the community at 
large. During his administration many phases of the 
work have been organized on a national basis. A Na- 
tional Health League has been founded; a National 
Leaders' Corps organization effected; great campaigns 
for teaching swimming have been conducted, and a new 
religious emphasis has been given to the whole movement. 

As president of the Physical Directors' Society he has 
been the leading spirit in its gatherings and as editor of 

2 When the United States entered the war, Dr. Gulick accepted a com- 
mission from the War Work Council to go to France and make a report 
on conditions in the camps of the American forces. On his return he 
wrote his report and then went to his camp on Lake Sebago, Maine, for 
a much needed rest. There he died suddenly on the morning of August 
13, 19 1 8. His death leaves a large vacancy in the ranks of the apostles 
of Physical Education and Hygiene. 



i6 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

its organ, Physical Training, he has wielded an influence 
which cannot be overestimated. As secretary of the 
Athletic League he has successfully championed the 
" clean sport " propaganda and been the chief instrument 
in changing the basis of amateur athletic organization 
and competition. His influence has been widely felt 
outside the Association movement and he has been called 
upon to discharge many important duties in kindred or- 
ganizations. In 1916 he was appointed by Governor 
Whitman of New York to be one of the commission to 
plan and put into operation a system of physical training 
for all public schools in the State of New York, as pro- 
vided for in the Compulsory Military Training Law. 

In this later period great buildings have been con- 
structed with magnificent equipment and splendid nata- 
toriums. The whole work has taken on a magnitude 
and completeness commensurate with its importance. 
The Physical Department of the Association has fur- 
nished the model in both equipment and method for a 
large variety of similar institutions, churches, settle- 
ments, boys' clubs, etc. Its work has been extended to 
foreign lands where it has found an eager acceptance in 
almost every country in the world. Oriental as well as 
Occidental. Everywhere the call has come for the 
American type of work and its spread is only limited by 
the means to equip it and the men to supervise it. 

A number of Summer Schools have been organized to 
supplement the work of the regular training agencies at 
Springfield and Chicago, and to aid in meeting the 
greatly increased demand for physical directors. Those 
at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, Silver Bay, New York, 
Couchiching, Ontario, Black Mountain, North Carolina, 
Estes Park, Colorado, Asilomar, California, and Seabeck, 



HISTORY 17 

Washington, have been largely attended not only by those 
already in the work who sought to supplement their 
previous training, but by members of the leaders' corps 
and others who were loSking forward to entering the field 
of Chrstian service. 

Meanwhile there had been a growing dissatisfaction 
with the form of alliance with the Amateur Athletic 
Union. Dr. Kallenberg of the Chicago School, in 1908, 
with others organized the Cook County Amateur Athletic 
Federation to solve a local problem, and this organization 
proved such a success from the very first that the move- 
ment spread into many other fields. 

The Physical Directors' Conference held at Columbus, 
Ohio, in July, 191 1, recommended to the International 
Committee that the alliance with the Amateur Athletic 
Union be terminated and the League be reorganized on 
a basis more in keeping with the spirit of athletic com- 
petition as conducted by the Association. (See "Ath- 
letic League Handbook.") 

The Physical Directors' Society in June, 1913, passed 
a resolution that the time seemed ripe for a conference 
of leaders to state objectives clearly, revise policies, and 
establish higher standards. 

Through the liberality of George D. Pratt, Chairman 
of the Physical Department of the International Com- 
mittee, A. A. Hyde of Wichita, Kansas, John Penman of 
Paris, Ontario, John W. Ross of Montreal, and James 
Stokes of New York, such a conference was called to 
meet at Lakehurst, New Jersey. Twenty-five of the 
representative leaders of physical training in the Asso- 
ciation were brought together and spent eight days go-» 
ing over the entire work of the Department. 

This was a memorable occasion and marked a new 



i8 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

epoch in the work. The entire field of the Physical De- 
partment was discussed, resulting in a unity of aim and 
method and a new impetus in the whole movement. 
The following pages are based largely upon the result 
of the work of the various committees of that Confer- 
ence and furnish a basis for the work in the local As- 
sociations and for teaching Physical Department methods 
in the various normal training agencies. 

The great World War has just closed, during which the 
Physical Department was called upon to furnish hun- 
dreds of leaders to organize recreative work in the camps 
and on the battle fronts of the Allied armies and it 
responded nobly. A brief account of this is given by 
Dr. Fisher in the last chapter of this volume. 



CHAPTER II 

THE FIELD AND SCOPE 

DEVELOPMENT 

The Field and Scope of the Physical Department have 
broadened in proportion to the vision which its leaders 
have had of the influence exerted by physical training 
upon the lives and characters of men. A study of its 
history reveals five distinct steps in its advance to its 
present important position in Association policy. 

First: It was undertaken simply as a counter attrac- 
tion to the increasing number of questionable amuse- 
ments in the large cities and as a means of bringing men 
under the religious influence of the Association. 

Second: Health came to be recognized as a prime 
factor in moral as well as business success. As the 
population in the large cities became more and more con- 
gested and the opportunities for healthful recreation and 
exercise correspondingly decreased, the results were seen 
in diminished vitality and an increase of viciousness in 
the lives of young men. 

Third : The urbanization and specialization of industry 
also lead to a distinct loss in efficiency of the neuro- 
muscular system and the need of organized gymnastics 
and games was recognized for meeting this condition. 

Fourth: The Association next came to recognize that 
exercise was not the only factor in the maintenance of 
health but that every phase of physical life must receive 
proper attention if the best results were to be obtained, 

19 



20 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

It therefore introduced its program of " Health Educa- 
tion," which aimed to give instruction on all matters per- 
taining to right living. 

Fifth : With advancement of biological knowledge, the 
large place which plays and games held in the develop- 
ment of character opened before the Association a vision 
of perhaps its broadest field of usefulness, that of using 
its recreative features as a means of determining and 
directing those varied racial traits which are funda- 
mental to a fully developed Christian manhood. 

The following from the address by Dr. Gulick at the 
time of the formation of the Athletic League, puts the 
matter concisely: 

" Can the Young Men's Christian Association put 
character above victory? If it can, it will find sport a 
splendid auxiliary to the building up of character. If 
it cannot, it will find in sport one of the most competent 
means for the introduction of those elements which tend 
to the breaking down of character." 

Not only has the field and scope of the Physical De- 
partment broadened in its eflforts to improve the Asso- 
ciation member, but it has sensed its responsibility to all 
the young men of the community in which it is organized. 
The Association today is considered a community prop- 
osition and by its supporters is held responsible for ex- 
tending its various activities, as far as possible, to all 
the young men and boys within the sphere of its in- 
fluence. 

The Physical Department, in harmony with this pro- 
gram, has moved outside its great buildings and seeks 
to propagate and conduct its work in schools, churches, 
settlements, and playgrounds, either by direct control or 
in an advisory capacity. 



THE FIELD AND SCOPE 21 

The following was a presentment made at the Lake- 
hurst Conference: 

1. It being the special field of the Physical Depart- 
ment, and because of the technical training of the phys- 
ical director, it is their duty to promote the physical wel- 
fare of the whole membership and they should plan and 
inaugurate a comprehensive program for health educa- 
tion in cooperation with the other departments. 

2. It is the business oi the Physical Department not 
only to plan and present a comprehensive and scientific 
program which will meet all the physical needs of men and 
boys within the membership, but also when this work is 
sufficiently established, and as time and opportunity pre- 
sents, project this program to those outside the member- 
ship, by additional organization and cooperation with 
existing agencies. 

The Association was organized primarily to meet the 
needs of city young men. It has come to realize in later 
years that this need is just as great in industrial and 
rural communities. The Physical Department has been 
one of the most potent factors in opening these fields 
to Association influence. Indeed, apart from the direct 
physical benefits derived from physical training, the so- 
cializing effect of organized games and athletics has been 
one of the most marked features of this movement. 

STUDY OF THE FIELD 

One of the first essentials for occupying any field is a 
knowledge of its needs. 

The field of the Physical Department being the men 
and boys of the community, the program of work pre- 
sented must necessarily be of a character which will 
meet their needs and appeal to their interests. Though 
the principles of the work will remain the same, the 



22 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

adaptation of those principles must be made in light of 
local conditions. 

The following was presented at the Lakehurst Con- 
ference : 

Every community has certain fundamental character- 
istics which have great significance to him who plans to 
meet its physical needs. Among these are the following : 

Industrial Character 

There is always a prevailing industry. A town may 
be given to heavy manufacturing involving a definite type 
of laborers, or to industrial enterprise with men of radi- 
cally different habits and impulses. Commercial pur- 
suits may stamp another place, while another may be the 
center of an agricultural district or a capital or a college 
city. 

It requires but a glance at these differences to recognize 
that a single scheme of physical interest, or an arbitrary 
method, cannot possibly be applicable to all places alike. 
There must be adaptations. 

Men of the rolling mills must be considered from the 
standpoint of their physical habit. Evidently their chief 
need is not muscle. Yet their impulses must be chal- 
lenged in order to secure their attention. Again, the men 
of mercantile houses would hardly be attracted by what 
would appeal to the ironworker or the builder. Their 
tastes and physical habits indicate a course of training 
which will supplement the muscular inactivity of their 
sedentary occupation. Men of the mines can be appealed 
to most keenly by recreation and brightness. Men of the 
store counter gladly work to acquire muscle where its need 
is felt. It is not so much the specific work that is laid 
out or offered as it is the establishing of a natural point 
of contact with disinterested people who need help along 
physical lines. 

Temperament 

Every community has a distinctive temperament. This 



THE FIELD AND SCOPE 23 

may be recognized as conservative or progressive, moral 
or depraved, athletic or phlegmatic ; but whatever it is, it 
furnishes a basis upon which the intelligent director will 
plan his work. 

One would not think of establishing an extensive and 
expensive athletic field where the athletic interest is not 
pronounced ; and dry routine and classwork will have but 
little appeal to those whose tastes and habits are em- 
phatically athletic. 

Clannish people are appealed to by group interests 
which are more or less exclusive, while the attempt to 
group others by classes will result in failure and offense. 

Innovations, and frequent at that, are needed in some 
places, while others will tenaciously cling to old standbys. 

Nationality 

It is obvious that a community with a prevailing foreign 
population has traditions of its own, which the wise di- 
rector should seize upon. Naturally a German commun- 
ity reflects the Turn-Verein and its methods, while the 
Scotch or English contingent will put emphasis upon 
open-air interests and will with difficulty be persuaded to 
accept routine work indoors. One can hardly expect a 
community mainly composed of people of French ex- 
traction to take enthusiastically to Swedish gymnastics, 
or a Scandinavian people to emphatic fencing. 

The whole problem sums itself up into finding the thing 
men want, rather than what we think they want. To be 
sure there Is their need, which may be at decided variance 
with what they want, but their attention must be chal- 
lenged before you can meet their need, and this means 
winning their interest. Winning their confidence follows 
soon after: then you can do the best work for the man 
and he will accept it. But, after all, the work of the 
Association is to win men's interest, then their confidence, 
then themselves. 

Accurate knowledge of the field can be secured best by 
means of a carefully planned " survey." This should be 
made even where the Association has been established for 
years. It has particular value preceding the construction 



24 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

of a new building, as it may reveal facts which may have 
a definite bearing upon the site and planning of the pro- 
posed structure. 

When the work has been conducted for some time with- 
out such a study having been made, it should be under- 
taken as soon as possible, to ascertain whether or not the 
best type of work is being conducted both in the Associa- 
tion and in the community. 

Even where previous studies and surveys have been 
made, there is need for keeping in touch with changing 
conditions by constant study and observation. 

In making the survey it should be kept in mind that the 
accepted policy of the Association's Physical Department 
is to consider as its field the physical need of every man 
and boy in the community whose need is not being ade- 
quately met by any other agency. Its policy should be, 
however, not necessarily to meet the need directly, but 
rather to see that it is met, and in many of these instances 
certain of these needs can best be met by some other 
agency. In such cases the Association should seek to 
energize the existing agency, or if it does not exist en- 
deavor to create it. 

Hov7 to Conduct a Study of the Field 

There are three methods of conducting a study of the 
field: 

1. The Physical Department committee and the phys- 
ical director may make the study over an extended period 
of time without any other organized cooperation. Vari- 
ous phases are taken up in succession, as soon as one 
study is completed another is begun. This is unsatis- 
factory, as it does not create any great enthusiasm or in- 
terest, necessitates a great deal of work and involves much 
time on the part of a few men. 

2. Under the direction and inspiration of the Physical 
Department committee and physical director, or as a part 
of the work of some organized class, the study is made 
by a larger number of men working as committees for a 
shorter period of time. 

3. Although comparatively new, the ** campaign " 



THE FIELD AND SCOPE 25 

method has given the best results. Under the direction 
of the physical director or some other expert the survey 
is conducted on the quick, short-term basis, in from four 
days to two weeks. The dates are decided well in ad- 
vance so as not to conflict with other important events in 
the community. 

At the ** setting up " meeting the plan and scope of the 
survey is outlined in detail and the objective explained. 

Every effort is made to secure the cooperation and at- 
tendance of the most influential and best workers in the 
community. A strong chairman is elected to preside at 
the opening meeting, and all meetings of the group as a 
whole. After the plan of the survey is outlined by the 
director, chairmen are elected or appointed for the vari- 
ous committees. These men together with the chairman, 
secretary, and director, constitute an executive committee. 
This committee draws up a list of sub-committees, placing 
each man who is to participate on one or more. Care 
should be exercised in appointing competent chairmen 
and committeemen. The number of committees will vary 
with local conditions and the number of men participating. 

More than one phase of work may be assigned to one 
committee. The following is a suggestive outline for five 
committees : 

1. Population and Vital Statistics. 

2. School Hygiene. 

3. Recreation and Amusements. 

4. Public Hygiene. 

5. Social Conditions and Sex Education. 

Following the setting up meeting the various commit- 
tees meet and are given a complete outline of the work 
which they are to cover. Each committee is instructed 
to make direct inquiry and report in writing upon the 
things assigned to it, e. g., the committee on schools is 
expected actually to visit all of the schools, or delegate 
members to certain schools, and ascertain first-hand the 
information called for. 

The cooperation of state and local experts in the vari- 
ous phases of the work should be secured if possible. 
All data which can be charted to advantage should be 



26 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

so arranged. This will add greatly to the value of the 
study. 

At the closing meeting all committees report in writing 
as to the conditions which they were to investigate and 
also present a list of definite recommendations which 
should be divided into two parts : 

1. Those relating directly to the internal policy and 
program of the work of the Physical Department. 

2. Those relating to the health and recreation of the 
community. The recommendations may be further classi- 
fied as follows : 

1. Those which can be carried out immediately. 

2. Those which involve further investigation and later 
action. 

(See Appendix, page 257 for detailed program.) 

WORK AMONG BOYS 

The following has been written by M. I. Foss as a 
general statement of the Boys' Work in the Association : 

In their logical place will be found the principles 
underlying all physical work which applies to boys and 
men alike. Where they dififer, reference has been made 
to that fact. The character of the work suited to boys 
has also been presented. There are, however, certain 
facts that relate to boys' and particularly to schoolboys' 
work in a peculiar sense that require special treatment 
which this chapter seeks to accomplish. 

I. Use of Physical Department, The use of the Phys- 
ical Department must be limited to given days and hours 
and during this time there must be continuous adult sup- 
ervision. It has grown into an accepted practice to 
allow schoolboys the privilege of the Physical Depart- 
ment not more than three periods per week. The em- 
ployed boys may be given greater freedom. When it is 
found that they visit the Department too frequently they 
are urged to interest themselves in the social, educational. 



THE FIELD AND SCOPE 27 

or Bible class features, since three vigorous work-outs 
each week are sufficient to keep the growing youth in good 
physical condition when added to the exercise of daily 
routine. 

2. Program of Activities. Inasmuch as the school- 
boys are under constant direction, it is possible and alto- 
gether desirable to plan a schedule of activities that leads 
both to a well-rounded development and to a fair knowl- 
edge of a wide variety of exercise. The physical director 
must see to it, therefore, when outlining the season's 
work that every boy gets calisthenics, marching, gym- 
nastics, athletics, and swimming in a balanced and proper 
proportion. He must also plan a recreative schedule 
that includes a carefully selected variety of games and 
play. Whatever specialization may be done in men's 
work, we must plan general work for the growing boys. 
Every year should see them broaden both in their ability 
to do and in their knowledge of physical activities. 

3. Use of Volunteers, It is undoubtedly wise to have 
a separate Leaders' Club for each gymnasium group. 
This will mean a number of organizations where there 
is a large membership, but practice has proven its worth. 
In the Appendix, page 250, are foamd the constitution 
and regulations pertaining to the Standard Boys' Lead- 
ers' Clubs. 

The need for the use of adult volunteer workers 
among boys is urgent. The boy is a hero worshiper and 
frequent association with virile Christian adults is most 
stimulating and wholesome. The wise physical director 
will carefully select men who from time to time will 
share with him the work with boys. Athletes, teachers, 
physicians, musicians, expert swimmers, and gymnasts 
can render efficient service and do much to keep the tone 



2i PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

of the Department on a high level. Let only men of un- 
questioned character be selected, however, as much harm 
will otherwise be done. 

To coordinate the various classes, it may be wise to 
have a council consisting of a representative from each 
of the Leaders' Clubs, which shall map out the general 
program of work under the direction of the physical di- 
rector. 

4. Cooperation with the Home. It is advisable that 
regular reports of progress made by boys be sent to their 
parents. Should the examination reveal some weakness 
the parents should at once be informed. These points 
of contact will unify the efforts of Association and home 
and increase the value of the work. 

Parents should be invited at stated occasions to inspect 
the work and be made welcome at any time. 

5. Relating the Boys to the Men's Work. To lead 
boys through their department and into the men's de- 
partment is a problem most difficult of solution. The 
boy may be an efficient leader among his fellows but 
when he passes on to associate with men he cannot at 
first be used as a rule. 

The older boy and the younger man seems a problem 
in both departments, for a careful examination of sev- 
eral Associations reveals the fact that from the ages of 
twelve to fifteen and from twenty-two upward, we have 
goodly numbers but from sixteen to twenty-one pro- 
portionately less. It will undoubtedly require a special 
program of work with close attention on the part of the 
staff and we would urge a large place given to com- 
petitive work and social features. Competitive work 
must be interpreted in the broad sense and not the highly 
organized specialized variety. 



THE FIELD AND SCOPE 29 

The plan of graduating from the boys' division to the 
men's department is effective, as is also the bringing of 
groups of older boys to the men's department for a part in 
exhibitions and other events to acclimate them before their 
final separation. For volunteer workers among men to 
visit the boys is a help. The keyword must ever be 
individual attention, with special work for the younger 
men and older boys. 

6. Efficiency Tests, Because of unequal growth and 
development, because of differences in temperament, be- 
cause of environmental influences, and because of in- 
herited traits, the formulation of a test or a series of 
tests that serve as indices of physical efficiency is most 
difficult if not altogether impossible. Certain broad 
facts are, however, obtainable which the worker with 
boys may use to splendid advantage. So called '' Stand- 
ard Tests " are in use among the schools of most cities. 
Boys able to pull up to broad and high jump and to run 
within a required minimum receive an award. Thou- 
sands of these awards are annually distributed. Sample 
Standard Tests may be found on page 233 of the Ap- 
pendix. 

The attempt to relate the physical to other phases of 
life and to make a scale for measurement is of recent 
origin. The latest of these is known as the " American 
Standard Program for Boys," which may be had 
by sending twenty cents to the International Committee. 
Quoting from the booklet, '' ( i ) The program must pro- 
vide for all sides of the boy's Hfe ; (2) it must be graded 
to meet the needs of boys of thirteen as well as nine- 
teen; (3) it must be progressive, growing with the boy; 
(4) it must provide for individual work and group work, 
and be adapted to mass work; (5) it should provide for 



30 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

the country boy as well as the city boy, the schoolboy and 
the boy who works; (6) it should be based on what is 
best for the boy." 

Charts for the purpose of scoring physical efficiency 
alone are common. 

7. Religious Work. It must always be uppermost in 
the mind of the director of physical activities with boys 
that they are at the impressionable age. They can be 
won for the Christian life easier than at any other time. 
Their religion is of the muscle type and hence intimately 
associated with their physical life. Special emphasis 
must be placed on clean athletics, right physical habits 
of all kinds, and their relation to Christian living. Re- 
spect for the human machine and its wonderful possi- 
bilities when properly used naturally leads to respect and 
love for the Creator. Thus sex education will become 
a part of physical education and that in turn related to 
Jesus as the great hero for all who would achieve suc- 
cess. 

The interview method, the mass teaching, the entire 
membership spirit must savor of wholesome boyhood. 
To bring this about requires leadership that itself centers 
in the Almighty and close and constant contact and ob- 
servation with all the boys. Bible classes, religious 
meetings, personal interviews, all must hold an important 
place, and the physical director will need to have a part 
in them all ; but the easiest, most natural, and best way 
to do effective work is through the play life of the boy 
to teach him truth, justice, honor, service, and love, and 
then make him realize that the life embodying these is 
only possible to those who hold Jesus Christ as their 
ideal. 



THE FIELD AND SCOPE 31 

SPECIAL FIELDS 

Industrial and Railroad 

The industrial community of late years has assumed 
great importance as a field of service for the Physical 
Department. In no other is the need more manifest and 
the opportunity for service greater. The character value 
of recreative games and sports finds in this class the 
widest application. 

The following outline is taken from the handbook 
" Among Industrial Workers," issued by the Industrial 
Department of the International Committee, and includes 
in addition to a description of the field and scope, an 
outline of the various activities which may be conducted 
by the Physical Department in these fields. 

Definition 

By " Industrial Workers " is meant those in any of the 
groups and engaged in any of the occupations as fol- 
lows : 

Groups : 

Artisans and apprentices. 

Semi-skilled laborers and machine operators. 

Unskilled laborers. 

Foremen, superintendents, and works managers. 

Persons engaged in clerical, professional, or manager- 
ial work in operating or production departments. 

I. The Field in General. The population is rapidly 
massing in cities, and here is to be found the greatest 
field, though by no means the only one, for the Associa- 
tion's industrial work. 

1880 1910 

Urban Population 14,772,438 42,623,383 

Rural Population 35,383,345 49,384,883 



32 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

2. The Field-Occupational. The ** industrial pyramid " 
shows that apart from the eleven and a half million in 
agriculture there were in 1910 eighteen and a half mil- 
lion males in gainful occupations in the United States. 
The growth in population and industry has increased this 
number to probably 21,000,000. 

3. The Field-Racial. Native: The native-born white 
workers, numbering more than six and a quarter million 
in 1915 (43.8 per cent of the total), have the same claim 
upon the Association as the clerical and professonal 
groups — to a smaller number of whom the largest part 
of the Association has always been given. 

Foreign : More than half of all the skilled and un- 
skilled workers are foreign born or born of foreign par- 
entage. Their peculiar needs are the strongest possible 
challenge for Christian service. 

Colored: What stronger appeal could be made than 
that which comes from a knowledge of the needs of the 
million or more colored workers in industry? Their 
physical needs involve grave dangers and their education 
along right lines is of national concern. Their religious 
needs are great even though they are temperamentally re- 
ligious. 

To adequately occupy this field of skilled, unskilled, 
native and foreign-born workers requires special atten- 
tion and eflfort. It will also require readjustment of the 
programs of most of the city and town Associations when 
the work has been adapted particularly to the clerk, the 
student, and the professional man. 

4. The Field — in Relation to Organised Industry. 
The Association's field of service in industry lies within 
the zone of the agreements between employer and em- 
ployes. It does not attempt to adjust issues, but it ere- 



X 



THE FIELD AND SCOPE 33 

ates a spirit which enlarges the field of agreement. It 
creates an atmosphere in which adjustments of dif- 
ferences become easier. The Association is not partisan, 
and yet it is more than neutral, it is mutual. Its work 
should be confined as a rule to those activities which 
benefit both employers and employes or which have the 
approval of both. 

5. The Field — in Relation to Other Agencies, To 
cooperate with and utilize other agencies is a basic prin- 
ciple in the Association. Nowhere are there more op- 
portunities for such cooperation than in the realm of in- 
dustry. The practice should be to render first the As- 
sociation's all-round service and deliver its full message. 
Then it should help to strengthen and magnify every 
other agency to the fullest extent consistent with main- 
taining the Association's own service and message. 
There should be no transfer to another agency of any 
activity or responsibility, the removal of which from the 
Association's program will diminish the service or im- 
pair the message which the Association exists to give. 
To divest itself of a given piece of service, whether phys- 
ical, educational, religious, or social, will be a good or 
bad thing for an Association to do, just to the extent 
that the peculiar work for which the Association exists 
is done or left undone. 

Some Special Reasons for Attention to the Industrial 
Field 

L The Increasing Number and Influence of In- 
dustrial Workers 

I. Sixty-six and six-tenths per cent of all the male 
population in Association cities of over 100,000 popula- 
tion are industrial. 



34 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

2. Seventy and eight-tenths per cent of all the male 
population in Association cities of 25,000 to 100,000 
population are industrial workers. (This calculation 
omits railroad employes in cities having railroad As- 
sociations and colored workers in cities having Associa- 
tions for colored men.) 

3. As a rule, wherever populations between 8,000 and 
25,000 are increasing rapidly, industry is the principal 
cause and industrial workers are in the majority. 

4. In populations under 8,000 the great majority of 
company-controlled industrial communities are found, 
and the trend of industry toward suburban and rural 
territory is rapidly making many small towns and vil- 
lages industrial. 

The economic, social, and moral status of a growing 
community is determined ultimately by the character of 
the workers in its industries, who are the majority. 
Therefore, by relating its service to industry, the Asso- 
ciation can put the Christian character standard into the 
life of the largest number of individuals and raise the 
standard of the community life as well. 

II. Their Accessibility 

The industrial workers are massed. Most of them 
are within reach of established Associations. Five per 
cent of the manufacturing plants contain sixty-five per 
cent of the workers, and most of these plants are in the 
cities and towns where the Associations are. 

Because the workers are massed in relation to a single 
industry or group of industries, it is also possible to es- 
tablish Association work right where they are. 

III. Their Needs in General 

They are men and boys just like others. They need 



THE FIELD AND SCOPE 35 

the message of the Association, not because they are dif- 
ferent from others, but just because they are men and 
boys. 

IV. Their Peculiar Needs 

They do have peculiar needs, however, and these 
afford additional reasons for special attention and effort. 

As Groups: They have special needs as groups. 
These needs are varied and include the physical, educa- 
tional, social, and religious, but not all in the same pro- 
portion. Each group needs the ultimate objective of the 
Association-Christian character. The Association should 
know these groups and plan its work with reference to 
them: 

Occupational Groups: Artisans, apprentices, semi- 
skilled workers, unskilled workers, etc. 

Racial Groups: English-speaking, non-English-speak- 
ing, colored, Mexican, etc. 

Other Groups: '* Blind Alley" workers, boys in in- 
dustry, etc. 

V. Because of Conditions 

They also have special needs growing out of their 
working, living, and leisure! conditions. These needs 
may be met in many ways, including the following: 

I. Working Conditions. Increasing wages by improv- 
ing the workers' efficiency by education, etc. 

Increasing the purchasing power of earnings by thrift 
methods, etc. 

Increasing safety by accident prevention; teaching 
safety rules, first aid, and English to foreigners; popu- 
larizing the U3e of safety devices; and making sugges- 



2,6 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

tions to employers concerning safety devices and 
methods. 

Improving health by sanitation, health talks, health ex- 
hibits; installing baths, restaurants, hospitals, rest 
rooms, etc. 

2. Living Conditions. The conditions surrounding 
the worker's family determine his working efficiency and 
his character growth. Therefore the Association should 
offer all possible service to improve them. Attention to 
the sons of workers is especially desirable. 

The hygienic conditions of the home may be the legiti- 
mate concern of the Association — the need for whole- 
some food in the home may justify teaching domestic 
science to wives and daughters in the Association. 

The character and sanitary conditions* of the home 
should be a matter of special concern to the Association 
connected with a company which owns the residences. 
Crowded and immoral conditions in boarding houses of 
workers should claim attention from the Association 
everywhere. 

3. Leisure Conditions. Recreation affects character 
more than occupation. The intake of life determines its 
output. Employers know that their interest and re- 
sponsibility do not end when the whistle blows. The 
right use of leisure is imperative, not only for the best 
interests of the workers, but for the employer and so- 
ciety. The leisure hours have always been, and should 
continue to be, the Association's best seedtime and har- 
vest. The Association should promote the constructive 
use of leisure — affording recreation, not dissipation. 
It should offer some compensation for the strain or mo- 
notony of industry. It should draw out of men the best 



THE FIELD AND SCOPE 37 

that is in them through wholesome environment, scien- 
tific methods, and leadership. 

VI. Work inside the Building 

The physical needs and conditions of these men can be 
met by work within the building, as follows : 

1. Factory Leagues 

A factory league for contests in indoor baseball, 
basketball, and volley ball at the Association gymnasium 
is now on the program of every alert physical director 
located in an Association within the manufacturing zone. 
In some cases a special night each week is set apart for 
this purpose and no charge made for the privilege. 
Contests between factories or shop departments follow 
one another, to the edification of the factory crowd that 
fills the running track and bleachers. 

2. Special Gymnasium Classes or Facilities for Work- 
ing Men 

A well regulated Physical Department makes provision 
for industrial young men who, because they work on 
shifts or for other reasons, cannot conveniently use the 
gymnasium at regular class periods. 

3. Special Physical Examinations for Industrial Men 
In some Physical Departments that give particular at- 
tention to the physical requirements for diflferent occu- 
pations, a local physician cooperates with the physical 
director in helping men secure and keep the physical 
fitness which their work demands. The testing of the 
eyesight and hearing of prospective chauflfeurs in con- 
nection with automobile classes is an illustration. 

4. Sex Instruction and Personal Hygiene Talks 
These are usually given in a personal way by the 



38 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

Christian physician or the physical director in the ex- 
amining room. 

Many working men are ignorant of the fundamentals 
of the care of their bodies and have been misled in early 
youth or grossly misinformed in later life on the vital 
subjects of sex and sex hygiene. The examining room 
is the ideal place to give this information. 

5. Health Exhibits 

At the entrance to the gymnasium or in places where 
the men using the physical privileges can leisurely look 
them over, health exhibits are used to good advantage. 
They may be prepared especially or the traveling exhibit 
of the national society may be borrowed. The anti- 
tuberculosis movement, the cigarette evil, scientific tem- 
perance, right and wrong foods, etc., are subjects that 
interest. These exhibits are frequently supplemented by 
health talks in the Association lobby or assembly room 
at the close of the evening gymnasium classes. At this 
time, too, literature bearing on the subject in question 
is distributed. 

VII. Work outside the Building 

Important as is the work within the building in serving 
industrial men and boys, the fact remains that the great 
bulk of service that the Association can offer will have 
to be done outside the building. The average American 
city, particularly if it lies within " the workshop of the 
nation" (i. e., north of the Ohio and east of the Missis- 
sippi), has more than half its male workers classified as 
industrial workers. In many communities the percentage 
runs over seventy and in some over ninety. 

If every classroom of the Association building were 
fully occupied every night, if the gymnasiums were used 



THE FIELD AND SCOPE 39 

to capacity all the time and all the other building fa- 
cilities worked to their limit, it would still be impossible 
to serve but a fraction . . . roughly less than ten per 
cent ... of the men and boys of Association age. If 
the Association is to make itself a community factor 
of importance, it will have to project itself into the home, 
work, and recreational life of the largest class of men 
and boys that make up the community. 

The places for making points of contact are not only 
the shop or factory where the worker is employed, but 
also the neighborhood in which he lives, the organiza- 
tions to which he belongs, and the places where he rec- 
reates. Every physical director should consider as a 
part of his program, a line of work without the building 
as well as within. Neither must be slighted. Where 
possible, a specialist giving his entire time to this out- 
side work is the most effective way of getting it done, 
but no Association should feel that it is limited only to 
what it can do for the membership because the funds 
or the man are not available for this outside effort. It 
is where real lay leaders should be enlisted and used to 
the fullest extent. 

Cooperation in Fighting Tuberculosis and Other 
Contagious Diseases 

Many Physical Departments of Associations located 
in industrial communities cooperate in anti-tuberculosis 
campaigns with national societies and local boards. Ex- 
hibits, literature, motion pictures, lantern slides, public 
lectures, and clinics are made use of in halls and vacant 
stores. 

The employment of visiting nurses. This is a service 
rendered under particular conditions as to need, financial 



40 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

support that can be secured, and the nature of the com- 
munity. In mining camps and textile manufacturing 
villages a nurse has been found a valuable addition to 
the secretarial staff. 

Lectures on sanitation, hygiene, sex instruction, and 
-first aid in shops. This is an important projection of 
the Physical Department of a city Association and is 
usually worked cooperatively with the religious shop 
meetings committee. Sometimes it is the physical di- 
rector who gives the instruction, but usually he counts 
on the help of Christian physicians. Manikins, human 
models, exhibit material and lantern slides, motion 
pictures, etc., are valuable aids. There are national or- 
ganizations on health promotion and prophylaxis that 
issue in leaflet and pamphlet form valuable reading ma- 
terial that can be distributed to advantage in connection 
with these lectures. 

Conducting -field day sports for industrial workers. 
The Association can render good service in helping to 
cut out the gambling and beer drinking that is too often 
an unfortunate accompaniment of factory men's picnics. 
The physical director who has secured a friendly hold 
on the workingmen of the community or a given factory, 
can organize and handle these gatherings and keep them 
on right and wholesome lines. 

Promotion of playgrounds. The Y. M. C. A. has as- 
sumed a leadership on the playground question in many 
cities. It has been responsible for starting the agitation 
for open spaces and playground facilities in congested 
districts and in addition has helped to furnish some of 
the necessary supervision. There are few services that 
the Association can render the community more appre- 



THE FIELD AND SCOPE 41 

ciated than the securing of properly supervised play- 
grounds for the children of the working people. 

Athletic sports at noon hours in factories. By a phys- 
ical director's visit to a factory at the noon hour and 
holding an impromptu jumping contest, there developed 
in one city a popular series of noon hour athletic con- 
tests at the various shops and factories. Events such 
as the standing broad jump and shot put, that did not 
call for much space or equipment were used, and with 
them a system of grading was worked out that made it 
possible for small factories to compete with large ones. 
This aroused such public interest that the daily papers 
gave considerable space to reports of contests and pro- 
vided handsome prizes for teams and individuals. En- 
tering into these brought freshness and zest to the men 
for their afternoon work. An incidental by-product 
was the enrolment in the Physical Department of a large 
number of industrial men. 

Twilight or Saturday afternoon baseball leagues. 
Gambling, profanity. Sabbath-breaking, and unclean 
sports can be and have been overcome by the introduc- 
tion of twilight or Saturday afternoon factory baseball 
leagues. When successfully managed, such a league 
gives the Association a strong hold on the city-wide in- 
terest in the sport and saves the contests from becoming 
tinged with professionalism. 

Promoting an interest in accident prevention. The 
Association may have a share in the widespread safety 
movement by holding lectures, displaying exhibits, giving 
demonstrations, and instructing foreign working people 
in safety English, at the noon hour in shops and fac- 
tories. One Association worker saved the industries al- 



42 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

most enough on their accident insurance premium to pay 
his whole budget. 

Interfactory athletic meets in armories. Where in- 
terest in athletics has been well worked up among the 
factories of a city, it might culminate in a large athletic 
meet in a factory or hall with a contest conducted on 
the same high grade basis as indoor intercollegiate 
events. Not only athletics, but final indoor baseball 
championships, or volley ball or basket ball games could 
be played. 

Outings and week-end camping trips for working boys. 
This is an investment of time and effort that yields rich 
dividends to the Association's employed officer. Not 
only does it bring the working lad from the too often 
sordid home surroundings and benumbing effects of 
working at a dead-end job into contact with God's great 
out-of-doors, but it also gives him a new outlook on life 
through the intimate touch with a Christian leader as 
they talk by the mellowing influence of the camp fire. 
To many a working lad, life has taken on a new meaning 
after such an experience. 

Cooperation with gymnasium and athletic societies. 
The various athletic organizations of the city that make 
an appeal to working men may be cooperated with in de- 
veloping high athletic standards and encouraging clean 
sport. 

Evening games in factory lots for working boys. For 
an hour or two in the early evening after supper, group 
games may be organized and supervised for factory boys 
in the neighborhoods where they live. These serve to 
satisfy a rational craving for recreation that otherwise 
might find an outlet in mischief, " rough-house," or in- 
dulgence in questionable amusements. 



THE FIELD AND SCOPE 43 

Conducting a sane Fourth of July celebration. This 
is a sensible bit of community cooperation in which every 
Association might share. In some industrial communi- 
ties the whole program has been handled by the local Y. 
M. C. A. Especially has this been done in the isolated 
industrial fields, such as lumber and construction camps, 
mining towns, and sawmill villages. It is also being used 
as Naturalization Day by Associations working among 
immigrants. 

Sex instruction in factories. In the attention now be- 
ing given to sex education, the factory boy and man are 
not being overlooked. In some cases Associations are 
holding lectures at the noon hour in shops. These talks 
are given by the physical director, physician, or other 
qualified person. The sale or distribution of books or 
pamphlets is also the means used in getting the subject 
before married and unmarried men. Christian physi- 
cians and physical directors give personal advice to 
young men needing this kind of help by arranging for 
private appointments. 

Clean-up day. Many of the neighborhoods where 
there are large numbers of unskilled workmen living 
can generally stand an annual clean-up. The Associa- 
tion cooperates with city authorities and other welfare 
service agencies in a popular effort to gather up old tin 
cans, rubbish, and anything that is unsightly or a menace 
to health. When rightly organized, the efifort is ac- 
companied with a good deal of enthusiasm and neighbor- 
hood pride. 

RAILROAD WORK 

The work among railroad men is essentially an indus- 
trial proposition and problems and conditions are not 



44 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

radically different from those stated in the previous ar- 
ticle. 

The first gymnasium equipped for railroad men, ex- 
clusively, was the one in the " Railroad Men's Building," 
New York City, which was completed in 1887. A phys- 
ical director was employed to give part of his time, but 
the work appealed chiefly to the office clerks employed 
in the Grand Central Station. Very few of the other 
workers made use of it. At present about fifty centers 
conduct work in gymnasiums for railroad men while two 
hundred report physical welfare work. The membership 
in these Associations is roughly divided as follows : J4 
are office men ; ^ shop men ; 3^, road men. 

The most marked success has been made in the promo- 
tion of group competition, organized by W. H. Ball, on 
several of the great systems. Thousands of the men 
have been reached and these gatherings have been notable 
for the social spirit fostered. 

Outside of the office employes the largest field of serv- 
ice is presented in the recreative features of the physical 
program, which appeal to all classes of workers, and in a 
strong program for health promotion and education. 

THE RURAL COMMUNITY 

Heretofore there has been little athletic progress in 
rural communities because there has been practically no 
program. Here and there an interested and energetic 
pastor, school teacher, college graduate, or city athlete 
is putting his life into the play and athletics of his rural 
community with telling effect. Yet as a whole physical 
training is seldom associated, even in our thinking, with 
the country. If we have thought of the rural community 
in this connection at all it has been to make a passing 



THE FIELD AND SCOPE 45 

observation on the healthfulness of the country and its 
advantages to growing youth. This superficial thinking, 
with no real study, on the part of both country and city 
folk is largely responsible for the indifference regarding 
health and recreation so characteristic of rural communi- 
ties. 

When we consider that in 1913 there were 45,000 com- 
munities with 4,000 population and under in the United 
States and Canada, with over 12,000,000 boys and young 
men (or sixty per cent), representing 2,500 organizable 
counties in the United States and 500 in Canada, one 
can appreciate the breadth of the field open to this work. 

Now let us consider briefly the actual conditions in 
rural com.munities. For a long time we have accepted 
the statement that the country is more healthful than 
the city. We have taken it for granted that it must be 
so because of the open spaces, the fresh air, the sunshine, 
the fragrance of the fields, running water, and the songs 
of birds. We have contrasted this with the congested 
city; the narrow hard-paved streets teeming with people 
and traffic, and walled in by skyscrapers shutting out the 
sunshine and filling the air with dust and dirt. We have 
contrasted the dirt and turmoil of the city with the tran- 
quillity of the peaceful hamlet and village. Thus we 
have become fixed in our idea of the healthfulness of 
the country. But startling as the statement may appear, 
the death rate in cities is being reduced much more 
rapidly than in rural communities. 

In the time of our forefathers the country was but 
thinly populated, the vilrgin soil was not polluted, the 
fresh waters were not contaminated, and the air was free 
from many of the germs which cause some of the most 
virulent diseases. Then, too, the manner of living was 



46 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

very different from that of men on the farm today. 
Men of those days tilled the soil, felled the forest, hunted 
the woods, fished and paddled the streams, not indirectly 
through machinery as now, but personally, with only 
simple tools which involved the use of both mind and 
muscle. Theirs was a hardy life which developed a 
rugged constitution well able to withstand disease. 

But a change has taken place; although not as great 
as in cities, it is nevertheless more dangerous, for in the 
city the change has been so rapid and marked, and its in- 
fluences so pronounced, that attention has been compelled 
toward it. On the other hand, it has come so gradually 
and insidiously in the rural community that men have 
scarcely noticed it and they have continued to live as 
they did when they were more isolated — when every 
man was a law unto himself. Thus it is that the small 
town or village is in the greatest danger to-day. 

In the average rural community little or no attention is 
paid to precautions against impure drinking water, and 
soil pollution through improper disposal of sewage and 
garbage. The location of the privy close to the house, 
or well, in many instances, with a manure pile ofttimes 
intervening, presents the most favorable conditions 
imaginable for the spread of contagious and filth dis- 
eases. This accounts for the prevalence of typhoid 
fever, dysentery, diarrhea, and kindred diseases in the 
country. 

Dr. Charles E. North reports that sixty per cent of 
wells examined on farms, both in the eastern and west- 
ern parts of the United States, were seriously con- 
taminated with bacteria which are identified with sewage. 
Seldom does one find a screened privy or the use of dis- 
infectants. 



THE FIELD AND SCOPE 47 

In one of the communities recently observed the 
sewage and garbage are emptied on the bank of a pond 
in which the boys swim in summer, and from which ice 
is taken in winter for general household use. 

The majority of health officers await complaints of un- 
sanitary conditions before taking any action, even when 
they are aware of the violation of a health ordinance 
and the danger which it occasions to the entire commun- 
ity. This is due to the knowledge, gained from bitter 
past experience, that action on their own initiative is 
sure to bring them into disfavor with the offender and 
with many of his family or political connections. 

The same indifference is manifested in the lack of 
consideration for the physical welfare of school children. 
In some of the oldest states the sanitation of the rural 
schools is little short of criminal, not only because of a 
failure to provide for proper heating, lighting, ventilation, 
seating, and drinking water, but also because of a lack 
of anything approaching a proper and regular medical 
examination of the pupils. Experience leads us to be- 
lieve that the need for such medical examinations in rural 
schools is as necessary as in the largest and most con- 
gested cities. Too often one is impressed with the num- 
ber of defective and backward children in a school with 
an agricultural environment. 

In one of the surveys thirty-six boys and girls of the 
fifth and sixth grades in a rural school were examined 
with the following results: Defective in vision, fifteen; 
defective in nose and throat, seventeen; defective in 
teeth, sixteen. 

Only eight of the thirty-six were normal, while four 
were defective in three points, fifteen in two, and nine 
in one point. 



48 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

Very little instruction is given in personal hygiene, and 
practically none in sex hygiene. Seldom is a health edu- 
cation talk given or literature on health distributed. 

Practically no provision is made for recreation either 
in or outside of the school. The play instinct is sup- 
pressed and childhood is robbed of much of its normal 
joy. In many homes the boys and girls are treated and 
worked much like the hired help. 

The athletics in the schools of the larger towns are 
fashioned after the college type of specialization, with 
little or no attention to the average boy; while the town 
teams in the majority of instances are influenced by pro- 
fessionalism, saloon control, Sunday games, and kindred 
practices. 

Ignorance on the part of leaders, officials, and com- 
petitors is the one outstanding cause of most violations 
•of amateur spirit. An adequate conception of the place 
and value of athletics, and a readiness on the part of the 
best element in the community to assume responsibility 
for the promotion and conduct of athletics on an edu- 
cational and wholesome basis, are practically unknown. 

Cash prizes at county fairs and Sunday school picnics, 
with a division of receipts, are typical examples of evils 
in athletics in the country. 

The problems in rural work are very different from 
those confronting the city physical director. In the city 
one of the problems is to adapt the work to large num- 
bers, while in the country the problem is to discover 
work suitable to small numbers. In addition it must 
include both sexes of all ages, and those of the open 
country as well as those who live in towns and villages. 
Then, too, the type of work must be different. In 
the city, emphasis is placed upon relaxation, and the rec- 



THE FIELD AND SCOPE 49 

reational side of physical training; in the country the 
emphasis must be placed upon that type of work which 
will stimulate a quick reaction and develop coordination. 

In spite of the small numbers usually found in the 
average rural school, team play must be organized in 
order to develop the social and moral qualities which 
come through cooperation. This is best accomplished 
through group games. To this end play demonstrations 
are being given in the rural schools and at teachers' in- 
stitutes by the county secretaries. Town picnics and 
play days are being organized for young and old. 

County school athletic league contests have been de- 
veloped by the International Committee. Through this 
league the schools of the county are organized to stimu- 
late and supervise the play and athletics of the scholars. 

The boys are classified by weight and each boy is en- 
couraged to participate in all the events in his class, an ac- 
curate record being kept of each boy's standing in all 
events, and each boy's records counting in the school 
standard. In some instances as many as ninety per cent 
of the schoolboys of a county who are over sixty pounds 
in weight are participating in all of the events in their 
class. Details of the events may be found in the Oc- 
tober (1911) number of Rural Manhood} 

In this connection might be emphasized the principle 
of cooperation with existing agencies, which is funda- 
mental in all of this work. The church, school, grange, 
farmers' institute, county fair and all such organizations 
and institutes are the channels through which the work 
of the county Association is projected. 

The county leagues of town baseball, basket ball, and 
other team games afford a splendid means of establish- 

1 Published at 347 Madison Ave., New York City, 



50 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

ing clean sport on a strong basis. In a number of coun- 
ties such leagues have supplanted the regular Sunday 
semi-professional games by Saturday amateur games, 
and have been the means of transforming the games 
from occasions of debauchery into wholesome play days, 
not only for the teams, but for the entire community. 

Intertown relay races, Boy Scout organizations, first 
aid classes, and '' hikes " are among the possible activi- 
ties. Wherever a leader has had sufficient experience, 
and equipment v^ill permit, calisthenic drills and appara- 
tus work may be made a part of the regular season's 
program. 

A definite program of health education should be in- 
augurated including the use of health lectures, slides, 
films, and literature. Special attention should be given 
to instruction in sex hygiene. Local physicians can be 
secured to give addresses on preventable and com- 
municable diseases, public hygiene, and first aid. 

" Tin Can Day " and '' Clean-Up Day " have been or- 
ganized in which the boys and men of the community 
have united in ridding the streets, alleys, and yards of 
garbage and refuse. 

Shower baths and swimming pools have been installed, 
school grounds equipped for playgrounds, and work and 
play supervisors employed. 

The county camps, of which there were thirty-four 
in 1913, representing 236 different communities, with a 
total attendance of 1,546, may be mentioned as a part 
of the regular program of work. 

Realizing the increasing necessity for a sane and pro- 
gressive program of instruction in health education and 
physical activities, and to determine actual conditions in 
rural communities, surveys were conducted in 1912 in 



THE FIELD AND SCOPE 51 

ten rural communities located in New York, Kansas, 
and Colorado. From a local point of view the purpose 
of these surveys was to have the men of the various 
communities know their own locality by personal investi- 
gation and study. 

In making such a survey, statistics regarding popu- 
lation, vitality, and morbidity, school attendance, etc., are 
secured in advance. A general meeting of all men in- 
terested in the survey is held, at which the purpose is 
explained and committees appointed to make a personal 
study, report, and offer recommendations under the fol- 
lowing heads: Schools; public recreation, including 
amusements, playgrounds, and bathing facilities; com- 
munity hygiene; sex hygiene; churches and Sunday 
schools; and living and working conditions. 

During the two or three days of the survey these com- 
mittees actually investigate the phases for which they 
are responsible. In this way every man is brought per- 
sonally into touch with some vital problem of community 
interest and is compelled to give some definite thought 
toward its solution. The leading men of the community 
are not only made aware of conditions with which they 
were not familiar, but are led to ask the latest and best 
methods of meeting them. 

At the final meeting each chairman presents the report 
of his committee. This serves to educate every man 
present, not only regarding the specific part which he 
was investigating as a member of one of the committees, 
but as to the entire scope of the survey. 

Wherever possible facts are presented in graphic form 
by the use of charts. 

Following the report each committee presents its 
definite recommendations, which are acted upon by the 



52 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

meeting as a whole. These recommendations constitute 
a definite program of work which may cover a number 
of years, although the survey itself takes but a few days. 

For a complete story of such a survey, together A^ith 
other material relating to rural health and recreations, 
see the May (1912) number of Rural Manhood. 

These surveys have proved an effective and quick way 
of arousing local interest in vital issues. In every in- 
stance very definite results have followed. 

After such a survey one is not so apt to hear the oft- 
quoted phrase, '' Well, this place is as good as any other, 
and in fact I think it is just a little better than most 
places of its size." Men have come to believe there are 
some things to be done and that it is up to them to get 
together and do them. They have realized the value of 
health recreation from a social, moral, economic, and re- 
ligious standpoint, and have planned to give it a larger 
place in the home, school, and government. They have 
sunk politics, creeds, traditional differences, and petty 
quarrels in a common endeavor to perform some com- 
mon task. 

Practical suggestions are offered as to how the city 
physical directors may be a factor in the program and 
progress of physical training in rural communities. 

In the first place, the county department of the Young 
Men's Christian Association invites the heartiest coop- 
eration of the city Associations. 

Some city physical directors are so situated that they 
do not come into contact with the rural field, while others 
are located in agricultural centers. 

We must ever recognize and conserve the dignity of 
the farmer, and keep clearly in mind that he resents any 
disposition on the part of city folk to practice missionary 



rnn field and scope S3 

work on him. We must not undertake any form of ex- 
tension work from our city Associations into the country, 
with an idea of doing the farmer good. In fact, he feels 
that he has been *' done good and plenty " by the city 
folk too often. 

We should consistently allow responsibility for all 
work to remain where it rightly belongs — namely, with 
the men of the local community, recognizing that a resi- 
dent force must be the redemptive force, and that only 
as the local consciousness is awakened to its needs and 
led to make inquiry regarding the manner in which the 
community itself can meet them will there be any per- 
menent good accomplished. 

Local responsibility and local leadership are needed. 
This leadership must not only be discovered, but trained 
and set to work. 

Another fact that needs to be emphasized is that the 
vital center is a personality and not a place. A building 
and equipment instead of being essential are in many cases 
a handicap. 

Having carefully considered these few but important 
points, we may now pass on to some concrete ways in 
which the city physical director may find opportunities 
for service. 

First, by helping to set up play and athletic programs 
and officiating at county meets, agricultural fairs, town 
and church picnics, holiday occasions, etc. 

Second, by assisting in the organization of school ath- 
letic leagues, intertown leagues, relay races, etc. 

Third, by the demonstration of calisthenics and play 
games at teachers' institutes and rural schools. 

It may not be out of place here to raise the question 
as to whether or not we are justified in having city ath- 



54 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

letes and gymnasts give exhibitions in rural communities. 
There is no doubt that they are entertaining and educa- 
tional, and yet it may be questioned whether their per- 
manent influence is for good. 

Finally, the city physical director may render the 
greatest service by cooperating in the training of rural 
leaders for play and athletics, either by having these 
leaders come to the city Association at regular intervals 
or by meeting with them in some rural center. In this 
way he may do much to impress upon them the place and 
value of play and athletics, and to furnish them with 
that theoretical and practical training which should in- 
clude group games, athletics, team games, simple drills, 
and apparatus work. 

Thus in a simple manner it may be possible for many 
city physical directors practically to double their influ- 
ence, and help in bringing to the young men of the open 
country and villages those advantages which go with 
scientific physical training. 

The present development of rural work is calling for 
new specialization in physical training — a rural recre- 
ation director, who by birth, rural community experience, 
and training in rural sociology and psychology, will do 
for the country what the Christian social worker and 
physical director are doing for the city. 



CHAPTER III 
OBJECT AND PRINCIPLES 

The objective and principles of the Physical Depart- 
ment of the Young Men's Christian Association had 
never been officially stated previous to the Lakehurst 
Conference. At the Physical Directors' Conference held 
in Springfield, Massachusetts, 1892, Dr. Gulick presented 
the object and aims of physical training as follows: 

AIMS OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE 

This is a classification of the aims of exercise, and not 
of the exercises themselves, for often an exercise may 
be used at one time for one object and at another time 
for some other. An exercise may at one time be recre- 
ative, at another educative, or it may be used for its 
hygienic or health eflfect. 

I. Health 

1. Cure of Disease 

Spinal curvature, writer's cramp, articular rheuma- 
tism, progressive muscular atrophy, gout, cardiac weak- 
ness, some digestive disorders, constipation, neurasthenia. 

It should be distinctly understood that exercise is not 
used as the only nor the principal means of cure in these 
diseases but it is often used with success in their treat- 
ment, sometimes as the chief, and sometimes as an aux- 
iliary remedy. 

2. Prevention of Disease 

To keep the body and its various organs in such con- 
dition that the man can do the best work for the longest 
period of time. 

55 



56 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

II. Education 

Training the body in the same sense that mental edu- 
cation trains the mind, aiming to acquire : 

1. Expression, as in gesture, elocution, etc., to enable 
the body to express the thoughts, ideas and emotions of 
the mind in the most intelligible way to others, through 
the eye and ear. 

2. Self-Possession, control of the mind over the entire 
man, enabling him to act naturally in times of danger 
and excitement. 

3. Physical Courage, not a presumptuous daring, but 
a natural result of the knowledge of ability gained 
through experience. 

4. Physical Judgment, a correlative of muscular con- 
trol. Physical judgment tells a man what ought to be 
done, muscular control enables him to do it ; either with- 
out the other is practically worthless. 

5. Muscular Control, a result of that training by which 
the mind coordinates the muscles for any bodily action, 
no matter how intricate, to the extent of muscular 
strength. 

6. Grace, fundamentally a question of power compar- 
ing grace and symmetry; the one is beauty of form, and 
the other beauty of action. 

7. Agility, or quickness of action, largely an affair of 
the central nervous system. 

8. Endurance, also a matter of the heart, lungs, and 
nervous system, as well as of the extrinsic muscles. 

9. Muscular Strength, including strength of the arms, 
legs, and body, and also of the heart and respiratory 
muscles. 

TO. Symmetry, harmonious or all-round development 
of the body. 



OBJECT AND PRINCIPLES 57 

III. Recreation 

Differing from education primarily in the attitude of 
the will. Fancy or caprice, not will, controls here. All 
athletic games, gymnastic sports, and aquatic exercises are 
included. 

These are the objects and aims of physical training 
wherever conducted, but the Young Men's Christian As- 
sociation, because of its Christian character, seeks to do 
more, and conducts its Physical Department as a means 
for developing Christian manhood in the broadest sense. 

In 1903, George W. Ehler, then Physical Director at 
Chicago Central, presented a paper at the Mountain Lake 
Employed Officers' Conference on the " Objects, Prin- 
ciples, and Value of the Physical Work of the Young 
Men's Christian Association." The object was stated as 
follows : " The object of the Physical Work is to provide 
an opportunity for men to secure that physical develop- 
ment and training without which the highest mental and 
moral efficiency are impossible." 

At the Lakehurst Conference the following statement 
of the objective of the Physical Department was pre- 
sented and adopted. 

The object of the Physical Department of the Young 
Men's Christian Association is to promote by means of 
exercise, recreation, and education the highest physical, 
mental, and moral efficiency of men and boys essential 
to the development of the best type of virile Christian 
manhood. 

Further, whereas the supreme objective of the Young 
Men's Christian Association is to lead men and boys to 
a definite acceptance of the Christian ideal, the Physical 
Department committee, the physical director, and those 
associated with them should cooperate with all other 
agencies for the furtherance of the same. 



S8 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

The physical director, in all his physical work, should 
constantly keep in mind the relationship of right neuro- 
muscle habits to the development of character. Phys- 
ical training as such does not lead to a personal accept- 
ance of the Christian ideal, but because the physical di- 
rector is a Christian leader in the Association and the 
community, it is his highest privilege and duty to lead 
men to acknowledge Jesus as their Saviour and Master. 

The principles upon which the physical work of the 
Young Men's Christian Association is founded are : 

First : That health is fundamental to full development 
and that during the entire life of the individual health is 
dependent upon the proper functioning of the motor ap- 
paratus, its work differing in amount and character ac- 
cording to age and condition. 

Second: That the full development of Christian char- 
acter and sturdy manhood depends upon proper and ade- 
quate physical training, especially during the period of 
youth and young manhood. 

Third: That fundamental physical and mental differ- 
ences are recognized in the individual in the various 
stages of his development, which represent the important 
epochs in the life history of the race, and that at these 
times the individual is peculiarly susceptible to influences 
potent in the formation of character and that rightly 
conducted physical training affords a most powerful 
means for controlling the same. 

Fourth: That physical training affords a means for 
overcoming those subtle and vicious tendencies of modern 
life developed through idle drifting, by providing health- 
ful amusement and recreation for young men. 

Fifth : Further, that physical training is a potent fac- 
tor as a deterrent to the breaking down of the moral 
and religious standards of men, brought about by lowered 
efficiency in vital stamina through fatigue and prevent- 
able disease. 

Sixth : That the enlistment of men in volunteer serv- 
ice for others is a basic principle in the Young Men's 
Christian Association. 



OBJECT AND PRINCIPLES 59 

These principles are based upon five fundamental 
propositions : 

First : That efficiency — physical, mental, and moral — 
of the individual depends on the maintenance of health. 

Second: That the maintenance of health depends 
largely upon the normal development and functioning of 
the muscular apparatus. 

Third: That mental development also is dependent to 
a large degree upon the adequate training of the neuro- 
muscular system. 

Fourth: That the development of sturdy Christian 
manhood can be promoted by properly conducted phys- 
ical training, especially during the periods of youth and 
early manhood. 

Fifth: That as service is the keynote of Christian 
character the Physical Department offers large oppor- 
tunities for its development among its membersi. 

The efficiency of the individual depends on the main- 
tenance of health, A man's value to society is deter- 
mined by the amount of work which he can perform, 
mental or physical. 

Primarily the human body is a machine for the pro-» 
duction of energy in the form of heat and motion and is 
subject to the same chemical and mechanical laws as 
any other power-producing plant. Normal adjustment 
of intake of fuel to expenditure of energy, the scavenging 
of waste products, and reduction of friction must all be 
considered. 

One of the most common experiences of men is their 
diminished ability to do things when not feeling well. 
A headache, a disordered stomach or liver cuts down the 
amount of work as well as affecting its character. Un- 
der the stress of ill health there is required an extra 



6o PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

effort of the will and an unnecessary expenditure of en- 
ergy. 

" In addition, at such times one is readily subject to 
pessimism, blues, melancholy, indecision, irritability, 
an^er, cowardice, etc., not to speak of worse things " 
(Ehler). 

Failure in business and other undertakings is more 
often due to depression of one's powers from ill health 
than any other cause. Gloomy views of life and religion 
are usually the product of poor physical condition. Ab- 
normal conditions of the body brought about by chronic 
illness, fatigue, or addiction to drugs strike first at the 
best that is in man. The higher judgments, the finer 
sensibilities, and complex muscular adjustments, because 
they are the latest acquired are the least stable and are 
easiest disturbed. Under the influence of abnormal con- 
ditions men are led into all sorts of evil, and yield to 
temptations which in their normal condition would not 
be even seriously considered. When a man's vitality is 
at its height, his sensibilities, reactions, will power, judg- 
ments, and moral tone are also at their highest level of 
efficiency. Crime and criminal tendencies are now recog- 
nized as being intimately associated with physical defects. 
Dr. G. Stanley Hall writes as follows : 

" When I see about me in the field of intellectual at- 
tainment and culture, in the walks of business and in 
family life, so many disasters and tragedies long drawn 
out, of failing health and collapse of nerve, brain, and 
muscle, I feel that health is the only bulwark upon which 
everything we prize, intellectual culture and religious 
affection can ever be reared." 

Dr. Hall coins a new word — Euphoria — and char- 
acterizes it as the superabundance of health. 



OBJECT AND PRINCIPLES 6i 

'' It is that human energy which is the surplus over 
and above that which we need to keep the heart beating, 
the nerves strong, and the muscles tense. It is that su- 
perfluity out of which all men and women achieve suc- 
cess. It is the raw material out of which all forms of 
success in life are made. I believe that Christian man- 
hood is a product to a larger extent than we have ever 
thought before, of good physical health.'' 

The maintenance of health depends largely upon the 
normal development and functioning of the muscular ap- 
paratus. 

The muscles are the organs which are largely con- 
cerned in converting the potential energy of foods into 
the dynamic forces of the body. They have been called 
the master tissues. They compose one-half the body 
weight, manufacture two-thirds of its heat, and expend 
most of its energy. 

The contractile tissues are the oldest biologically con- 
sidered, and movement has ever been considered a prime 
factor in the development of life forms. Dr. Hall puts 
it eloquently: 

'^ Thus muscles have done everything that man has ac- 
complished. They have built the pyramids, reared every 
edifice, constructed the roads, navigated the ocean, writ- 
ten all the books, done everything in fact that man has 
achieved. Without muscle, nothing is done. Complete 
paralysis is death." 

Theodore Hough, Professor of Physiology in the Uni- 
versity of Virginia, speaking on the " Physiological Ef- 
fects of Moderate Muscular Activity and Strain," says: 

I 

" It would be only to state a truism to say that the 
human frame is constructed for a life of muscular ac- 
tivity ; that the fact that until recently mankind supported 



(^2 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

itself by physical rather than mental exertion must have 
led to the survival of those with bodies adapted to phys- 
ical exertion. So essential was it that this adaptation 
be of a hi^h order that we are not surprised to find that 
it went to the extent of producing- a body not only cap- 
able of sustaining-, but even of profiting by physical ex- 
ertion." 

He sums up the hygienic effect of muscular exercise as 
follows : 

" I. Muscular activity affords training to the heart, so 
that it is not only equal to the emergencies of life, but is 
also able to withstand the fatigue of moderate prolonged 
exertion. No exercise can be enjoyed unless this fun- 
damental condition is satisfied. 

" 2. Muscular activity relieves vascular congestion in 
the internal organs by bringing larger quantities of blood 
to the skin. In doing this it improves the physiologic 
condition of the skin as well as that of deeper organs. 

" 3. As a result of the deepened and frequently quick- 
ened respiration, all lobes of the lungs are used and the 
species rendered less liable to attacks of disease. 

'* 4. As a further result of the increased breathing 
movements as well as of the pumping action of the con- 
tracting muscles and movements in the joints the flow of 
lymph along the lymphatics is greatly favored and this 
improves the environmental conditions of all the cells of 
the body. 

*' 5. Muscular activity also afifords important training 
to the heat-regulating mechanism of the body. 

'' 6. Muscular activity exerts a favorable influence on 
the digestive processes, promoting proper secretion and 
absorption and tending to prevent the unhealthy condi- 
tions leading to constipation. 

'* 7. Muscular activity is conducive to refreshing slum- 
ber. This is partly because of the maintenance of 
normal conditions generally in the body and probably in 
part because it is conducive to healthy fatigue which 
facilitates the normal relaxation from nervous strain. 



OBJECT AND PRINCIPLES 63 

Whatever may be the physiological explanation of the 
phenomenon there can be no question of its existence and 
of its hygienic value." 

(It should be remembered, however, that the posses- 
sion of large muscles does not insure normal health, and, 
indeed, the over-training of the muscular system with 
its attendant strain on heart, lungs, and vital organs may 
be a source of distinct danger.) 

The recent studies of Crile, Cannon, and others show 
the large part that the kinetic system plays in emotion, 
and prove that the glandular products secreted during 
an emotional period have for their purpose an intensify- 
ing of the muscular response and that unless this mus- 
cular response is forthcoming, these products accumulate 
in the body and are a direct menace to health. It is a 
physical explanation of the saying, that all emotion 
should find expression in motion if it is to remain healthy. 

Mental development is dependent to a large degree 
upon adequate training of the neuro-muscular system. 
Modern psychology teaches that all thought brings about 
a change in some part of the muscular system. It may 
not result in actual movement, but always causes molec- 
ular change in the muscles upon which the thought de- 
pends for its full expression. The so-called thought 
reading is nothing more than the interpreting of slight 
muscular movements made unconsciously by the subject. 
We cannot conceive of mind apart from its organ, the 
brain. The development of the brain depends upon the 
quantity and quality of incoming sensations and the re- 
sulting reactions of the muscular apparatus. We have 
noted how mental states are afifected by bodily condi- 
tions. We know that mental activity is directly afifected 
by blood supply. Serious loss of blood causes uncon- 



64 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

sciousness; increased blood pressure, mental excitement 
and spasm. Any physical condition which interferes 
with the normal blood supply of the brain or other parts 
of the nervous system interferes with normal mental 
activity, producing epilepsy, degeneracy, and all forms 
of mental derangements. Increased mental action re- 
quires an increased quantity of blood in the brain, shown 
by increased weight of the head, and increased molecular 
change, proved by increased temperature in the brain in 
periods of mental effort. 

Again the development of the mind depended upon the 
development of its organ, the brain. Complexity of re- 
sponse to environment demanded an increase in the com- 
plexity of the responsive mechanism. Balliet says : 

*' Mind, like organic life, no doubt, is the product of 
evolution. As in organic evolution, while it is possible to 
explain why the fittest should survive, so in the evolution 
of the mind natural selection, heredity, and perhaps use 
may explain why a psychic function of advantage to the 
individual in the struggle for existence has been perpet- 
uated and developed, but it cannot account for the first 
origin of such functions. The struggle for existence 
reduced to its lowest terms consists of the struggle for 
the maintenance of the species. The first is essential to 
the second. Hence the first problem of the lowest or- 
ganism is to secure food and escape danger. Movement 
is, therefore, fundamental. Movement toward food and 
away from danger and purposive movements, no doubt, 
antedate consciousness." 

Feeling developed, no doubt, through chemical and 
physical reactions in the environment. Intelligence re- 
sulted from organic memory of such reactions whether 
pleasurable and profitable, and reason by growth in the 
complexity of reactions leading to modifications of move- 



OBJECT AND PRINCIPLES 65 

ment in light of future conditions. The emotions were 
also developed through racial experience in connection 
with organic memory and resulted in the production of 
an auxiliary mechanism for the intensifying of muscular 
movement. 

All cells in an individual brain are present at birth and 
cannot be increased in number by growth or education. 
Their development depends upon two factors, nutrition 
and function; the latter brought about by stimulation 
through appropriate incoming sensations. Function, 
therefore, determines brain growth and motor cells can- 
not be developed except through muscular exercise, and 
lack of proper exercise means lack of proper cell de- 
velopment. Dr. Balliet says: 

" In man the size of the motor areas in the brain de- 
pends far more on the complexity of the movements 
affected by a group of muscles than upon the mass of 
muscles involved. Physical energy implies a good motor 
brain area. The man of energy must be the man of 
brain. Physical laziness implies a deficiency in the motor 
part of the brain." 

In studying the growth of the motor cells we find that 
those controlling the gross muscles which move the trunk 
develop first, and that development proceeds from the 
center outward to the finer muscles of the extremity. 
Dr. Hall believes that the development of the human 
brain followed the development of the finer muscles of 
the human hand. 

Motor ideas are developed by voluntary movement. 
The muscular sense which guides in the production of 
movement and results in efficient action forms the basis 
of judgment for future conduct. Imbecility is the re- 
sult of lack of ability to form proper motor ideas. 



(^ PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

Another phase of the subject relates to the formation 
of motor habits. We learn to do things by conscious 
attention. Training enables us to relegate most of the 
common movements of Hfe to the control of the lower 
automatic centers in the brain, and whole complicated 
series of movements may be gone through without in- 
terfering with the stream of thought. Physical training 
by reducing conscious processes, therefore, conserves 
nerve power. 

Physical training makes response to stimuli quicker 
and more accurate and increases the number of re- 
sponsive movements by multiplying the connections be- 
tween cell areas. The brain power of an individual de- 
pends not so much upon the number of its cells as upon 
the complexity of their relationships. It should also be 
remembered that the organization of cell areas ceases at 
maturity and that cells which have not become active 
and related to the mental activity before that time are 
never afterwards of service to the individual. Brain 
cell growth ceases at twenty-five or earlier and the 
mental life of the individual can only be enriched after- 
wards by increasing the activity of brain areas developed 
before that period. Most, if not all, of the education of 
the motor areas is complete before eighteen years of age, 
and, therefore, physical education must find its greatest 
usefulness during childhood and early youth. 

The development of sturdy Christian manhood can he 
promoted by properly conducted physical training es- 
pecially during the periods of youth and early manhood. 
The early years of childhood are spent in interpreting 
incoming physical sensations and adjusting conduct in 
the light of the results of such sensations. The child 
early learns the laws of nature as they aflfect its physical 



OBJECT AND PRINCIPLES 67 

comfort and advantage. The second period commences 
with the dawn of personal consciousness. Dr. Tyler 
says that the first ethical idea comes to a child when it 
realizes that another child or individual is not playing 
fair, and this is the fundamental basis upon which the 
future character must be built. The rules of the plays 
and games teach him the fundamental laws of social 
contact which he must observe if he is to remain in 
harmony with his playmates, as efficiently as his earlier 
experience with physical law taught him what he could 
and could not do with safety and comfort to himself. 

Later in life the organized game of the group carries 
him a step further and he learns that the law of group 
must be submitted to if he is to remain a useful member. 

Thus we see that there is a gradual development of 
the individual as he comes into contact with an ever- 
widening environment and each period must teach its 
lessons perfectly if the lessons of the succeeding periods 
are to be intelligently interpreted. 

Modem biology teaches that all higher forms of life 
are developed from lower forms and that in the em- 
bryonic life of an individual structures, and even func- 
tions, which were important in the development of the 
species are reproduced in like order, and that no organ 
or function which was essential to such development can 
be suppressed without injury to the individual. Thus 
we know from embryology that the human body passes, 
while in utero, through all the important life changes 
from the single cell organism upward, and that any in- 
terference with the development of any of these embry- 
onic structures causes deformity and monstrosities at 
birth. 

What is true of the physical life of man is probably 



68 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

also true of those mental, social, and religious experi- 
ences which were of value in bringing man to his pres- 
ent high state of efficiency. None must be suppressed 
nor, indeed, must any be allowed to persist, but by train- 
ing and education the higher phases of character must 
be built upon the lower and powerful instincts of the 
race. 

A statement by Dr. Balliet in a paper on " Instinct and 
Education," puts the matter very clearly : 

'* Instincts are fundamental in the psychic life of man, 
as well as the psychic life of animals. They form the 
most fundamental, the deepest and the most unchanging 
element in human nature. As compared with the in- 
stinct the human reason is only a light w^hich can guide 
and direct, but not a force which can compel and move ; 
and the ethical will is little more than a combination of 
the higher instincts controlling the lower under the 
guidance of reason. The instincts, in other words, con- 
stitute the chief elements of character; it is the function 
of reason to distinguish between the higher and lower 
instincts and that of the will to make the higher prevail. 
It is the office of ethical ideals and of religion to serve 
as guide and sources of inspiration in ethical develop- 
ment. Indeed, it is highly probable that there are in- 
stincts in the child mind which dominate his conscious 
life and which have entirely disappeared in the adult 
consciousness or occupy a wholly subordinate position. 
As an illustration, the sucking instinct in the infant, the 
instinctive desire for play in childhood and youth. 

" Most instincts are strongest in youth and form the 
basis of youthful temptation. Others persist and become 
stronger in later life, such as the love of money and 
antipathy to new ideas. 

*' Selecting a few examples we find how the fishing and 
hunting instinct is strong to middle life and sometimes to 
old age. It is the survival of the early life of the race 
when these practices were necessary to the maintenance 



OBJECT AND PRINCIPLES 69 

of life and have registered themselves on the nervous 
system and are transmitted by heredity. The killing in- 
stinct was formed when killing was necessary as a means 
of getting food and a means of self-defense. These in- 
stincts tend to grow weaker through the growth of sym- 
pathy and the development of altruistic feeling. Al- 
ready, in many minds, these qualities rob even fishing 
and hunting of their fascination and many people would 
never eat flesh if they were compelled to kill it. Then 
there is the fighting instinct formed by our animal an- 
cestors w^hen food was scarce and when above all the 
strong, vigorous, healthy body was necessary to survival. 

*' The instinct of possession, the predatory instinct, 
usually greatly reenforced by the fighting instinct can be 
easily traced from the earliest struggle for food to the 
modern accumulation of great fortunes. In essentials 
it has not been much changed. 

** How are these instincts to be treated? First, we may 
try to crush them, to root them out. This has been the 
method in religious education in the past, fortunately 
seldom accomplished. 

** Third, we may transform the lower instincts by lifting 
them on a higher plane, by putting them under the dom- 
inance of the higher instincts, linking them with the al- 
truistic impulses and with the sense of duty. This 
seems to be the mode of treatment indicated by the evo- 
lution of the mind. The lower animal instincts of the 
psychic life, like the rudimentary organs of the body, 
are not lost, but are taken up by the higher forms and 
become integral parts of them. They are absorbed, not 
dropped ofif. These instincts constitute the driving and 
impelling forces in our higher intellectual and moral life. 
They add a glow of interest to our ideal, they fire our 
ambition and they furnish the grit, nerve, and energy that 
m.ake hard work a pleasure and render it efifective." 

If you crush the fighting instinct you produce the 
coward; if you let it grow wild, the brute; but if you 
link it with the higher instincts you get the man of 



70 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

energy and force, the man of executive ability and af- 
fairs. If you crush the instinct of possession, you get 
the pauper; if you let it grow wild you produce the thief 
or miser. Put it under the dominance of the conscience 
and the altruistic feeling and you develop the man of 
thrift, self-respect, independence, and industry. The 
criminal gangs of a large city are an illustration of a 
racial factor being allowed to persist undirected. 

In view of these facts, it is of extreme importance that 
the Association should recognize the periods at which 
these instincts begin to develop, when they ripen and be- 
come active forces in the formation of character in the 
boys and young men of the Association, and be prepared 
by proper methods of physical training to lead them 
from the lower to higher levels, from the self-centered 
youth to the altruistic Christian citizen. 

In studying these periods of development we might 
roughly divide the life of the individual into four peri- 
ods : The first, from birth to seven or eight years of 
age; the second, from seven or eight to the beginning 
of pubescence, approximately twelve to fourteen; the 
third, the adolescent period, from fourteen to twenty; 
the fourth, the post-pubescent period. 

Quoting freely from Dr. Gulick: 

" We find that in the first period the activities of the 
body are those of kicking, whole arm and body and hand 
movements ; picking up and dropping things ; blocks and 
sand plays, etc. They are progressive in complexity and 
tend to become reflex. They are intensely individual- 
istic. These continue into later life, but wdth constantly 
decreasing interest as seen in the use of tools, swimming, 
drawing, gymnastics, etc. 

*' The second period begins with a shading oflf from this 
group into interest in games of tag, marbles, and the like. 



OBJECT AND PRINCIPLES 71 

The social element begins to be observed. There is a 
transition from the exclusive self-interest to interest in 
relation to others. These introduce consideration of the 
element of competition ; formal rules by which one must 
abide ; consideration of others, the beginning of ethics 
and morality. This period shades into the third group 
with its activities continuing with decreasing emphasis 
as seen in track and field sports, hunting, fishing, wrest- 
ling, etc. 

** The third period marks the most important change : 
that from individualistic to group interests. The games 
of interest in this period are such as require the coop- 
eration with others ; games such as baseball, football, 
gangs, pals, camping, and hero worship are prominent. 
These activities are almost universally carried on in 
groups and are characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon race. 
The demand is for greater strength, endurance of dis- 
comfort, cooperation, and subordination to a leader for 
the success of the group. Here is the beginning of self- 
sacrifice, altruism, and the giving of oneself for others, 
which are fundamental characteristics of the Christian 
life. The youth who retains the characteristics of the 
preceding period predominantly, who does not learn the 
lesson of cooperation, of the subserviency of self to the 
interest of others, enters business and professional life 
self-centered and out of harmony with modern social 
ideals." 

The physical director in the Young Men's Christian 
Association should be deeply impressed by these facts, 
and while he is striving to produce healthy and normal 
bodies he should remember that his largest work is to 
establish, through organization and guidance of the play 
life of boys and young men, a basis upon which may be 
built sterling Christian character. 

As service is the keynote of Christian character, the 
Physical Department offers large opportunities for its de- 
velopment among its members. This statement is so fun- 



^2 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

damental to all Association policy that it needs no elabora- 
tion. The Christian life finds its expression in service 
and, therefore, the physical director will at all times 
endeavor to develop this essential quality in the members 
by seeking and affording opportunities for its develop- 
ment. 



CHAPTER IV 

GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF THE DEPART- 
MENT 

The work of the Association as a whole is controlled 
by a Board of Directors of which the general secretary 
is the executive officer. 

This Board of Directors is elected by the active mem- 
bership in the way prescribed by the local Association's 
constitution and by-laws. Active membership is limited 
to those who are members in good standing of evangel- 
ical churches. 

In consultation with the general secretary and depart- 
ment heads, the president of the Board appoints com- 
mittees for the supervision and management of the 
various departments. 

The Physical Department committee is thus appointed 
and may be composed entirely of members from the 
Board of Directors, or may have some of its number 
selected from business men in the membership. A ma- 
jority, however, ought always to be from the Board of 
Directors. Its members should, of course, be in intelli- 
gent sympathy with the objective of the Department. 
The general secretary and physical director are members 
ex-officio. 

This committee supervises and controls all the activi- 
ties of the Department, but all its actions should be sub- 
ject to the approval of the Board of Directors. 

Its work includes : 

I. The formation of the general policy of the Depart- 
ment. 



74 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

2. The preparation and recommendation of the depart- 
mental budget to the Board of Directors and the super- 
vising of the receipts and expenditures therein provided. 

3. The authorization of purchases as provided by the 
budget and policy, supervision and upkeep of the equip- 
ment. 

4. The general oversight over all matters of service in 
the Department, such as religious and health education, 
membership promotion, financial solicitation, extension 
v^ork, etc. 

5. The employment of the physical director and his 
staff. 

Organization 

This committee may from time to time appoint sub- 
committees from its membership for special investigation 
or the promotion of some particular service, but the ac- 
tions of these sub-committees should be subject to the 
approval of the whole committee. When their work is 
complete and their report rendered they should be dis- 
charged. 

Meetings of this committee are usually held once a 
month. The general secretary, because of his relation- 
ship to the entire work, should, if possible, attend all 
meetings of the committee and whenever matters are to 
be discussed which have to do with general policy of 
the Association, they should be taken up with him be- 
fore the meeting. He should receive a copy of all re- 
ports made to the committee, and also a copy of its 
minutes. 

At each meeting of the committee the physical director, 
as its executive officer, should present a financial and 
statistical report together with such recommendations as 



GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 7S 

he has to offer for the conduct of the work. When 
adopted it becomes a part of the report of the committee 
to the Board of Directors. 

Every effort must be made to have the meetings of 
the committee worth while. When new or unusual mat- 
ters are to come up for consideration the members of the 
committee should be informed of the same and written 
copies of such business sent to them before the time of 
the meeting. 

To keep all parts of the work in right relation to each 
other, committees may be appointed from the member- 
ship to have charge of the various group activities of the 
Department. 

The chairmen of these sub-committees may be formed 
into a council which should hold only an advisory re- 
lation to the Physical Department committee. 

The following is suggested as a form of departmental 
organization : 



ACTIVE MEMBERSHIP 

i 

Board of Directors 
(General Secretary) 



I 

PHYSICAL DEP't 
COMMITTEE 

(Physical Director) 



EDUCATIONAL 



FINANCE 



ETC. 



Council 

(Chairmen of 

Standing Committees) 

Religious 

Educational 

Social 

Athletics 

Aquatics 



Medical Staff Special Committees 



Basket Ball 
Extension 
Gymnasium Classes 
Handball 



Indoor baseball 
Leaders 
Volley Ball 
Wrestling 



1(^ 



PHYSICAL EDUCATION 



A more elaborate form of organization, suggested by 
M. I. Foss, follows: 



BOARD OF DIRECTORS 

I 

Physical Department Committee 

\ I 



PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 



GENERAL SECRETARY 



PHYSICAL DEPARTMENT COUNCIL 



Standing Committees Standing Committees 



(Indoor) 
Bowling 
Indoor Baseball 
Volley Ball 
Basket Ball 
Swimming 
Athletics 


(Outdoor) 
Hiking 
Tennis 
Baseball 


Special Committees 
First Aid 
Health Exhibition 
Circus 

Medical Staff 


Gymnastics 






Social — Educational - 


-Religious 




(Subcommittees of the above, each for 
its own group.) 





The Year's Policy 

In order to conduct the affairs of the Physical Depart- 
ment in an orderly way, check up the progress of the 
work during the year and make comparison with that of 
former years; to note advances made it is essential that 
there should be a written policy. This policy should 
contain an outHne of all departmental activities, such as 
plans for classes, leagues, competitions, religious work, 
educational work, extension work, etc., and the budget 
of receipts and expenditures for the ensuing year. 

This policy should be formulated well in advance of 
the meeting at which it is to be discussed and copies 



GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 77 

sent to each member of the Physical Department com- 
mittee and to the general secretary. Only in this way 
can intelligent action be secured, for when recommended 
by them and accepted by the Board of Directors it be- 
comes the basis of work for the ensuing year. 

The following is suggested as a basis for such a policy : 

1. Object 

The objective of the Physical Department should be 
fully stated (see page 57). It would be advisable 
also to state the principles underlying the physical work, 
so that the Physical Department committee and Board 
of Directors may be fully informed thereof and be in 
sympathy with its broad basis. 

2. Committees 

Under this heading should be enumerated a list of 
those committees which are to promote the various ac- 
tivities of the different groups in the Department, the 
duties of each, and such other details of their organiza- 
tion as may be deemed advisable. 

3. Leaders' Corps 

A general statement should be presented covering the 
policy of the corps, dates of meetings, duties, and special 
points to be emphasized during the year, also a schedule 
of their work both in theory and practice. 

4. Physical and Medical Examinations 

It should be stated whether these are to be required 
of all new members and what shall be the character of 
the same. If personal interviews are to be undertaken, 



78 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

state their scope and the means for conducting them and 
whether they shall be given in cooperation with the re- 
ligious work department. If the physical and medical 
examination is to be made by a volunteer medical staff, 
their number, duties, and particulars regarding their or- 
ganization should be stated. 

5. Gymnasium Classes 

Because of the great importance of class instruction 
it should be given the largest place in the Department 
program. Nothing should be allowed to interfere with 
classwork. A complete schedule for the various groups 
should be given, the dates for their beginning and closing, 
and the days and hours of their sessions. 

6. Special Instruction 

Mention should be made of all special classes which 
it is proposed to conduct, such as boxing, wrestling, 
fencing, swimming, tumbling, etc. ; also what provision 
is to be made for individual instruction in body building 
and corrective and medical gymnastics. 

7. Athletics, Tournaments, and Leagues 

Under this heading should be included a statement as 
to whether or not the Association shall join the Athletic 
League and other athletic bodies, how clean athletics 
shall be promoted, whether representative teams are to 
be organized, and the policy governing the same, also 
details regarding the organization of group games, 
leagues, tournaments, tests, and meets. 

If the Association has a swimming pool, the work to 
be conducted in aquatics should be outlined — such as 



GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 79 

classes for beginners, the teaching of advanced swim- 
ming, the holding of campaigns for teaching swimming 
and life-saving, and the organization of water games and 
sports. 

8. Health Education 

Under this heading should be outlined the various 
methods to be used, such as health talks, first aid organ- 
izations, use of printed matter on health subjects, the 
organization of a health league, the holding of health ex- 
hibits, etc. 

9. Religious Work 

This should include a statement of the policy for re- 
ligious work in the Department, definite plans for the or- 
ganization of Bible classes, their number and character, 
and the method to be pursued in cooperation with the re- 
ligious work department of the Association. 

10. Extension Work 

Here may be stated the general need of the commun- 
ity for specific types of work which the Physical De- 
partment can conduct, and the means which it has for 
prosecuting the same. (See Appendix for extended 
poHcies for large and small Associations.) 

11. Budget 

In planning the budget for the ensuing year a care- 
ful study should be made of the expenditures and income 
of the previous year, and the need of the Department for 
improvements in equipment and supervision. The 
figures of the various items of the budget must be as 



8o PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

exact as possible, allowance being made for emergencies. 
Where large increases are to be made over the expendi- 
tures of the previous season the reason for the same 
should be fully stated. The items will, of course, vary 
in different Associations, and while some include re- 
ceipts from membership fees, others do not, but estimates 
of such might well be included. The items will be ar- 
ranged in accordance with the business policy of the local 
Association. 

The following is a suggested form: 

RECEIPTS 

Membership Fees charged Actual receipts Estimated budget 
_, . for previous year for present year 
Business men 

Young men at W ......... ., 

Grammar school 

boys at 

Employed boys at ... , 

Students at 

Special members ] \ 

Special Fees 

Boxing 

Wrestling 

Fencing 

Aquatics 

t^RivATE Instruction 

Boxing 

Wrestling 

Fencing 

Aquatics 

Medical gymnastics 

Massage and Special Baths 

Massage 

Special baths 

Supplies 

Gym clothing 

Special supplies 

Miscellaneous 

Towels and soap 

Exhibitions and meets 

Surplus to apply on over- 
head charge 



GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 8i 
EXPENDITURES 

Salaries Actual expenditures 

Physical director and as- ^^^ previous year 

sistants 

Wages 

Janitor 

Locker clerks 

Musician 

Stenographers 

Special instruction 

Publicity 

Advertising 

Printing 

Postage 

Athletic Field 

Equipment 

Repairs 

Laundry 

Traveling 

Conferences and summer 

schools 

Supplies 

Gym clothing 

Special suppiles 

Miscellaneous 

Towels and soap 

Exhibitions and meets 



Total 



In some Associations the budget is divided into 
months. This is a wise plan as it serves as a frequent 
check on the condition of finances. 

Organization of Volunteer Work and Workers 

A fundamental principle of the Physical Department, 
in common with the avowed Association policy, is the 
uniting of its members in service for their fellows. 
In no other department are the opportunities greater. 
The multiplicity of the various phases of the work offers 
an unlimited field for interesting and using large numbers 



82 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

of men in volunteer service. In the past the Leaders' 
Corps has stood out as the one group thoroughly organ- 
ized for a specific work. Its importance has been mag- 
nified, and rightly so, but every permanent feature should 
be just as carefully organized, and as great care taken 
in selecting its personnel. Certain general principles 
should be observed in organizing committees : 

1. All permanent committees, and this includes the 
Leaders' Corps, should be appointed by the Physical De- 
partment committee at the suggestion of the physical 
director. Temporary committees may from time to time 
be selected for any special service by the physical di- 
rector, but when that service is completed, the committee 
should be discontinued. 

2. A comprehensive plan should be laid out for the 
entire Department. 

3. There should be a distinctive plan adapted for each 
group of workers in each phase of the work. 

4. As far as possible the organization of each group 
should follow the same general plan, and should diflfer 
only as may be found necessary to meet the needs of the 
group. 

5. Every permanent committee should have a definite 
plan not only for its specific work among the members, 
but for its own instruction and development, and, as in 
the Leaders' Corps, faithful service and ability should 
be recognized by appropriate insignia. 

6. Only men of proven worth and sympathy with the 
Association ideals should be appointed on permanent com- 
mittees. Ample opportunities for testing may be found 
in the temporary committees. 

The following article on the Leaders' Club, prepared 



GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 83 

by W. H. Ball of the International Committee, contains 
many suggestions which might to advantage be carried 
into the various other organizations of the Department. 
It must never be forgotten that the development of 
• the personal character of the committeeman is the main 
object to be kept in mind. 

The Leaders' Club 

The Leaders' Club is the title given to the group of 
volunteer committeemen who serve as helpers to the phys- 
ical director in the gymnasium classwork. Without ex- 
aggeration it may be stated that a well-organized and 
trained group of leaders is one of the most important 
factors in determining the success of an Association's 
physical work. 

It is a settled principle of Association work that it is 
better to put ten men to work than to do the work of 
ten men yourself. In addition to this principle, early ex- 
perience in physical work demonstrated that the physical 
director could not handle with satisfaction the large 
gymnasium classes without having numerous assistants. 
The need of leaders has been both theoretical and prac- 
tical. 

Selection of Leaders 

No other group of men within the Association should 
be selected with greater care. These men come in close 
personal contact with a large number of the members 
and exert a strong influence for good or evil. Inas- 
much as the Association seeks to lead men to the ideal 
of Christian living, it is very apparent that the leaders 
should be of the highest type of Christian manhood. 



84 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

Christian character is the fundamental qualification, and 
closely associated with this is the need of natural leader- 
ship ability — of men of forceful personality whom others 
admire and follow. Skill as a gymnast and athlete is 
an important consideration, but not of first rank. As a 
general rule star gymnasts or athletes do not make good 
leaders. It is doubtful whether men having any question- 
able habits should be accepted. Usually young un- 
married men make the best leaders as they can more 
readily give the time needed to make the work a success. 

Such men are not easily found as they are not numer- 
ous, and these qualities of character and leadership do 
not appear upon the surface but are inherent and in many 
instances dormant. To discover the right kind of men 
requires determined search. 

Men of sterling Christian character, imbued with the 
spirit of service, who are known to be faithful to every- 
thing they undertake, are needed. When found, their 
names may be presented for consideration to the leaders 
as possible new members. When satisfied that the pro- 
posed member is well qualified for admission the physical 
director is requested to interview him and present the 
matter in a very full and frank manner, explaining to 
him the qualifications for membership, including the 
character and extent of the service required, time and 
expense involved, and in fact, all matters of interest per- 
taining to the club; concluding with a statement that if 
he would care to become a member, a brief written state- 
ment to that efifect be sent the club president with an 
intimation that such a statement assures his acceptance 
as a member. 

This may appear like red tape, but it has been found a 
very effective method of preventing apparently good 



GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 85 

men who were lacking in some essential qualification 
from entering the club. In addition, such an interview 
gives the new man a clear understanding of the spirit 
and duties of a member and gives him an opportunity 
to decide definitely whether he wants to line up with that 
kind of men. 

In many clubs a simple " initiation " takes place which 
varies in form according to the desires of the members. 

Duties of Leaders 

The leaders are thoroughly organized into a club, pref- 
erably a Standard Leaders' Club (see Standard Con- 
stitution and By-laws, page 250). Each member pro- 
vides himself with the official Leaders' gymnasium uni- 
form and agrees to perform the specific club duties as- 
signed him. These duties vary according to the local 
needs. In most clubs the leaders serve in charge of ap- 
paratus squads in the diflferent gymnasium classes. 
Often a leader conducts the class marching or drill and 
frequently takes full charge of the floor on other than a 
class night. Leaders welcome new class members, as- 
sist the awkward member and cooperate in the activities 
and supervision of the gymnasium, dressing rooms, 
baths, swimming pool, and Department office or examin- 
ing room. 

Each year an increasing number of leaders serve as 
directors in some church or settlement gymnasium, thus 
ever widening the sphere of the Association's service to 
the community. A type of service that is mutually very 
enjoyable is the promotion and participation by the lead- 
ers of various classwork demonstrations, exhibitions, and 
circuses. On these occasions the leaders rather than 
the director fill the places of prominence. 



86 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

Another phase of the club's activities that fills a large 
and vital part in its work is the social life of the or- 
ganization. Frequent social evenings in the building or 
at the homes of members are very helpful. An annual 
banquet with all the trimmings, camp outings, fishing 
trips, group photos, all contribute to a spirit of friend- 
ship and unity. 

While membership in the club is somewhat exclusive 
because of its high requirements, the spirit of the organ- 
ization is thoroughly democratic. The physical director 
is the leader of the club, not the boss. He holds no 
office, except as an ex-officio member. 

The Standard Leaders' Club 

The Physical Directors' Society has developed and 
adopted a model Constitution and By-laws for a Stand- 
ard Leaders' Club, and the Society has recommended 
that every group of leaders become a Standard Club, 
which involves: 

1. Adopting the Standard Club Constitution and By- 
laws. 

2. Electing officers as per Constitution. 

3. Deciding to follow the course of study outlined 
each year. 

4. Requesting enrolment as a Standard Club, stating 
that I, 2, and 3 have been done and sending a list of the 
members and officers of the club to the Physical Depart- 
ment of the International Committee. 

Any club thus qualifying is entitled to use the Standard 
Leaders' Club emblem without a star upon enrolment, 
and also the gold safety-catch leaders' pin. Emblems 
cost $2.50 per dozen in lots of six or more and pins cost 
$2.50 per dozen in lots of six or more. 



GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 87 

BUSINESS MANAGEMENT 
Fees 

In determining the fees to be charged, an Association 
must consider: First, the financial standing of the boys 
and men in the community; second, cost of operation, 
character and expense of equipment; third, the propor- 
tion of the expenses of the Department which the fees 
are expected to carry. 

As a general principle, all matured men to whom the 
Department can be of the least service should be charged 
a fee sufficiently high to at least cover the entire cost of 
the privilege accorded them, while the younger men and 
boys, to whom the work will be of the largest value in 
developing Christian character, should pay such fees as 
will attract them in the largest numbers. 

It is but fair also that when special privileges and in- 
struction are provided, such as boxing, wrestling, and 
massage, those using them should be required to pay the 
full extra cost for providing the same. 

The plan of charging membership fees may be classed 
under two heads as follows : 

I. A General Fee 

In most Associations the full membership fee includes 
the general privileges of the Physical Department, such 
as the use of the gymnasium, locker, baths, and nata- 
torium. 

The fee may vary in amount according to the size 
and location of the locker and the class of membership. 
Where a separate fee is charged for the locker it should 
cover the same time as that of membership in the As- 
sociation. In some Associations the fee is arranged on 
an age basis, as suggested above. 



88 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

All locker fees, together with deposits for keys, should 
clear through the main office of the Association. This 
fee may include ticket for the following groups: Gram- 
mar school boys, high school boys, employed boys, young 
men, business men. 

Fees for special groups, such as students, firemen, 
policemen, and ministers, may be arranged for stated 
limited periods or privileges. 

Short term full membership tickets are issued for the 
summer months by many Associations. 

Recently many Associations have adopted a special 
business men's membership fee, which is in excess of 
the regular full membership fee and for which special 
dressing room accommodations and club features are 
provided. 

2. An " A-LA-CARTE " FeE 

In a few Associations there is a fixed minimum fee 
for all who join the Association and additional fees for 
the following general privileges of the Physical Depart- 
ment: a. Baths and lockers (not including natatorium) ; 
b. gymnasium; c. natatorium. 

These privileges may be secured once or oftener by 
the payment of a single fee for each participation or for 
stated periods. 

3. Fees For Special Features, such as : 

a. Class Instruction. Extra fees may be charged for 
enrolment in special classes such as boxing, wrestling, 
fencing, aquatics, advanced gymnastics, normal courses 
in physical education, first-aid, lecture courses in eu- 
genics and hygiene. 

b. Private Instruction in boxing, wrestling, fencing, 



GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 89 

aquatics, body building, and corrective and medical gym- 
nastics. 

c. Massage and Special Baths and service connected 
with the same. As has already been stated, the fees for 
these special features should, at least, cover cost of 
furnishing them. Finances for all special features 
should clear through the main office and no money should 
be received by instructors or attendants. 

4. Fees of Clubs and Teams 

Where there are membership fees in connection with 
clubs or teams, the fees should be deposited by their 
treasurer with the Association treasurer, who should 
hold them as trust funds. The accounts of all clubs 
and teams should include all receipts and expenditures 
and be audited annually. All matters pertaining to the 
financing of clubs should be subject to the approval of 
the Physical Department committee, and their accounts 
and records be kept on file in the office of the physical 
director. Loose-leaf books of good quality and uniform 
size are recommended for use by all clubs. This will 
facilitate the typewriting of all minutes and statements 
and also the permanent filing of their records and other 
material. 

Physical Department Records 

Business ability is an essential qualification of the phys- 
ical director. Nowhere is this shown to greater ad- 
vantage than in the conduct of his office management. 
His office should be neat and clean and fitted with 
modern office furniture adapted to the needs of his work. 
Letters, report cards, and the like should be kept in their 
proper places and not scattered about the office. The 
office should not be a dressing room. 



90 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

Records of the Department should be accurate in every 
detail. Guessing is not good business. They should be 
simple but complete, recording all the essential operations 
of the Department. Such records as are required by 
City, State, and International Committees should be kept 
and tabulated in conformity with the report sheets fur- 
nished by those bodies, so that figures given may be uni- 
form with those of other Associations. A special record 
book is issued by Association Press. 

I. Locker Room Records, There should be a tripli- 
cate card index for members holding lockers in the Phys- 
ical Department. On one, for filing alphabetically, 
should appear the member's name, address, telephone 
number, membership card number, locker number, date 
of joining, date of expiration, and such other data as 
may be found helpful. On another, for filing numeri- 
cally, the name, date of joining, date of expiration, and 
the calendar months and days of the year, so that attend- 
ance can be kept. On a third, for filing according to 
locker number (or if the box scheme is used, the num- 
ber of the member's box), should be the name, date of 
entrance, and date of expiration. All these cards should 
be filed in a convenient cabinet and be available only to 
the physical director and such of his stafif as may be re- 
quired to consult them. No member should be allowed 
to handle membership records. 

If keys are used in connection with the locker or pad- 
lock they 'should be hung on hooks in a cabinet which 
can be securely locked. Small round cardboard tags 
with metal rim, perforated near edge, one and one- 
quarter inches in diameter, and of various colors, may 
be hung with each key to give definite information re- 
garding certain facts, for example : 



GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 91 

Red tag — Membership due. 

Blue tag — Gymnasium member. 

Yellow tag — Gymnasium and plunge. 

Pink tag — Locker or box vacant. 

White tag — Call at office. 
On the above tag may be placed the member's number, 
name, locker or box number. Lockers should be as- 
signed at the Physical Department office. All fees and 
deposits should be made at the general office. 

Where the examinations are compulsory, and they al- 
ways should be, no locker ought to be assigned without 
presentation of a signed certificate of such examination. 
If a combination lock is used a card with full directions 
for the working of the combination should be given. 
On the back of this card are given a few simple rules 
for the use of the Physical Department. In all cases 
the member should be furnished with a copy of the rules 
under which he is to conduct himself while in the De- 
partment. 

At the time the lockers are assigned a record should 
be made either on a duplicate pad or on the permanent 
record cards. 

Thirty days before the expiration of membership the 
general office should write the member a letter mention- 
ing the fact. This letter should be followed by others 
as the case may demand. If the member does not re- 
new within ten days after date of expiration of mem- 
bership, or signify his intention of doing so, he should 
be notified that his locker has been vacated. A record 
of the clothing taken from the locker should be made on 
cards kept for that purpose, or this may be printed on the 
back of the record card of attendance. These cards 
should be filed with the expiration cards and when goods 



92 PH YSICAL ED UCA TION 

have been called for the card should be receipted and 
filed. If goods are otherwise disposed of, a record of 
the facts must be made. 

The clothing taken from lockers should be put in bags 
or tied in neat bundles and tagged with name, locker 
number, and date of removal. Ordinarily these goods 
should not be kept more than sixty days after date of 
expiration, and this rule should be stated on the mem- 
bership ticket or locker card. 

2. Attendance Records, An accurate record of at- 
tendance in the Department is essential. This may be 
kept by means of the card mentioned under '' Locker 
Room Records " on page 90. This, card contains the 
year's calendar, and the attendance may be punched or 
checked on the same. The member gives his number 
when entering the Department, and the attendant, then or 
later, checks it on the card. Visitors may be counted by 
their pass cards.. Other methods are the use of the 
Moore loose leaf filing system,^ and by taking record of 
half -hour periods when men enter the Department. In 
some Associations the membership ticket is deposited on 
entering the Department and returned on leaving, a rec- 
ord being kept of such ticket. To insure accuracy and 
adequate control, all visitors should pass into the Depart- 
ment through the same entrance. 

An attendance record of members taking part in vari- 
ous activities is very desirable. This may be easily ob- 
tained by the following method: Have a long narrow 
box divided into compartments marked class, swimming, 
bath, handball, etc. The attendant asks a man his ac- 
tivity and slips a card marked with the member's num- 
ber into the appropriate compartment. The cards in the 



1 John C. Moore Corporation, Rochester, N. Y. 



GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 93 

various compartments are counted the next morning and 
can be checked on the member's card. These can be 
used to follow up members and also for getting in touch 
with individuals for games and athletics. 

3. Records of Competition, Demonstration, etc. 
These should be kept accurately and filed in suitable 
cases in the Department under the following heads : 
(a). Competitions: 

(i). Group Contest; kind; number of teams; 

number of contestants ; result of games ; date 

and place ; number of spectators, etc. 

(2). Athletics; name, date, place; event, record, 

etc. 

(b). Demonstrations: Date, character, number of 

participants ; number of spectators, etc. 
These records can be kept on the *' loose leaf " pre- 
viously mentioned for keeping records of the other ac- 
tivities. 

Alphabetical files of men interested in special features 
of work such as athletics, handball, aquatics, etc., will 
be found helpful. 

Similar records should be kept of all the activities con- 
ducted under the extension policy of the Department. 

Correspondence 

A first essential is that all correspondence in connec- 
tion with the Department be given prompt attention. 
Letters should be filed either under the name of the 
correspondent or according to their subject-matter or 
both. Such correspondence should not be considered as 
the personal property of the physical director and in the 
event of his changing fields all material relating to the 
local work should be left on file for his successor. 



g4 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

All periodicals, health literature, and similar matter 
should be kept in separate files. An up-to-date filing 
system should be installed. 

Publicity 

The importance of good advertising for extending the 
use and influence of the Department cannot be overesti- 
mated. 

Money is often wasted here, but good advertising will 
bring adequate returns. Avoid cheapness, be honest, do 
not make exaggerated and extravagant statements. The 
Association must be fully prepared to furnish the privi- 
leges advertised. The part of the work that appeals to 
the majority is class instruction, and in advertising, this 
should receive emphasis. The Department activities 
should be presented so as to create an impression in the 
public mind of a well-balanced program, thoroughly scien- 
tific and having for its purpose the maintenance of health 
and the development of Christian manhood. 

Descriptive material should be brief and all illustra- 
tions made from good photographs of activities that best 
represent the work. Pictures of circus performances or 
special acrobatic stunts should be avoided except where 
used to illustrate social features. Best printers only 
should be employed. 

I. Prospectus. If this material is to become a part 
of an Association booklet, it should be given its proper 
place from the standpoint of advertising value and sales- 
manship and should be placed first in order, if the mem- 
bership in the Association is found largely in this De- 
partment. 

The general Association prospectus can usually deal 
with the departmental work only in brief; therefore its 



GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 95 

most attractive features should be given prominence. In 
most of the large Associations a separate departmental 
prospectus is issued. This should contain a detailed de- 
scription of the work, profusely illustrated with the best 
of halftone cuts and be attractively printed on good 
paper. It should be carefully distributed. Leads and 
requests for the prospectus may be obtained through the 
liberal use of return postal cards, dodgers and leaflets, 
and through newspaper advertising, requesting the reader 
to write for further information. 

The satisfied member is the best advertisement. A 
large per cent of new members join because of having 
friends in the Association and advantage should be taken 
of this fact by requesting members to introduce their 
friends to the officials of the Association, also by allow- 
ing a member to extend to a friend who may be a pros- 
pective member the use of the privileges free for a short 
period, and by the informal '* get-one " campaign. 

2. Newspaper Advertising. This should be under- 
taken with care, as here money may be easily squandered. 
If undertaken, it should be timely and the space used 
sufficiently large to attract attention. The advertise- 
ments should be inserted on the sporting page and it is 
often best done through advertising agents. A study 
made in one city of the results obtained from the same 
advertisement inserted in the Sunday and in the week- 
day issues showed twenty-two per cent more replies in 
favor of the week-day issue. 

The systematic cultivation of the press is one of the 
best methods of keeping the Association before the pub- 
lic. Unfortunately, basketball, athletics, and competitive 
sports are the things mentioned most often in the news- 
papers, whereas some things connected with the more 



96 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

important phases of the work receive limited mention, 
as they are not considered news. Frequently this gives 
the public a wrong impression. 

The best methods of cultivating the press are: First, 
having a reporter in the Association membership who is 
in sympathy with the broad work of the Department; 
second, cultivating the acquaintance of sporting editors; 
third, cultivating reporters to whom material may be 
sent; fourth, keeping the papers informed of special 
events; fifth, systematically cultivating and constantly 
keeping in touch with the press through the sending of 
other material of public interest not strictly related to 
the local Association. 

3. Other Methods, The use of return postals on 
which are stated some important facts of interest, and 
asking the recipient to send the return part, with the 
name and address, for fuller information; brief and 
pointed personal letters to business and professional 
men; liberal distribution of dodgers, cards and blotters 
and novelty postal cards will prove of value. 

In many cities the police or polling lists may be ob- 
tained for circularizing. These give the age, occupation, 
color, and address of all voters. 

Well-placed attractive bulletin boards, posters, and 
window cards may be made use of, especially at the open- 
ing of the season's activities. 

A Department *' bulletin board '' is valuable, if neat 
and attractive. Make the headlines legible and " catchy.*' 
Good and appropriate cartoons will be helpful. If type- 
written material is used, let it be well spaced, in different 
colored inks, if possible, and divided into sections each 
with its own heading. Keep the board fresh, changing 
often. 



GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 97 

A good visitors' gallery is another excellent means of 
advertising, but should not be allowed to degenerate into 
a loafing place. 

Exhibitions held at regular intervals, open to the pub- 
lic, in which is shown the regular work of the Depart- 
ment, will be found of great help. Athletic meets may- 
be made fruitful in the same manner. All printed pro- 
grams should call attention to the Department privileges. 

Inviting a group of men from a number of large busi- 
ness houses, factories, offices, banks, or church clubs 
and classes, for an evening in the Department, will, if 
properly conducted, bring results. On these occasions 
the program should include men from the stores, fac- 
tories, or clubs from which the visiting groups come, if 
there be such in the membership. 

The cultivation of the membership and committees is 
essential to the best results of the work in the Depart- 
ment. Sending a letter or a nicely worded postal card 
to the man who is not attending will show that he is not 
forgotten. Sending notices and reports will be found 
helpful. 

Where possible, it is advisable to have all advertising 
and printed matter clear through one man. Especially 
is this true in the larger Associations. 

The stereopticon has been found useful in advertising 
campaigns in some cities. The apparatus, mounted on 
some vehicle, is moved to dififerent advantageous points, 
where the slides, cartoons, and printed matter are thrown 
upon blank walls or canvas erected for the purpose. 
Printed matter may be distributed among the onlookers. 

Talks before men's church clubs and other men's or- 
ganizations in the city give publicity to the work. 



98 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

Following Up the Membership 

Many members drop out through carelessness, others 
through dissatisfaction with either the equipment or con- 
duct of the work. Every effort should be made to dis- 
cover by personal visitation or correspondence their rea- 
sons for leaving, for many times a member can be re- 
tained by reawakening his interest or by a frank discussion 
of adverse criticisms. The physical director through 
this means may also gain information which will aid him 
in making the work of the Department more efficient. 

Supervision of the Physical Department 

1. Control. The cost of maintenance is an important 
item and in planning a building this should be kept in 
mind, so that it may be reduced to a minimum consistent 
with efficiency. When this has not been done it may 
be wise to change the construction even after the build- 
ing has been erected, in order to secure the desired re- 
sults. 

The attempt should be made to have the same indi- 
vidual control the entrance to the gymnasium, locker 
rooms, and showers. The one in charge of the nata- 
torium, however, should not be asked to look after any 
other section during the hours when the pool is open 
for use. This recommendation is made in order to guard 
against possible drowning accidents. The attendant 
should be a good swimmer and have passed a recognized 
life-saving test. The door to the natatorium should be 
locked when there is no water in the pool or when there 
is no one in charge. 

2. Inspection. The apparatus, especially that which is 
suspended, should be frequently inspected for worn parts 
or loose belts or screws. Flaws in the apparatus may 



GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 99 

result in serious accidents. A general inspection of the 
whole department equipment every morning by the di- 
rector or one of his assistants is advisable. Repairs 
should be made promptly. Broken dumb-bells, wands, 
and clubs or their hangings should either be removed 
or replaced at once. Mats should be carefully looked 
after as a few stitches will sometimes prevent serious 
damage. When the tufting cords become broken they 
should be either replaced or the mats taken out of com- 
mission, for, if they are used in this condition the felt 
will become broken and the mats rendered useless. 

Repair promptly loose tiling, broken cement, leaky 
shower heads and valves. 

3. Janitors and Good Housekeeping. A director's 
success is often measured by his housekeeping. A well- 
kept place has a direct moral effect upon the members 
and upon the employes as well. Uncleanness is inex- 
cusable. If the organization is small and employs no 
superintendent of buildings, the physical director shouK 
have under his charge a janitor for a certain specified 
period. If possible, the entire time of at least one jani- 
tor should be assigned to the Physical Department. The 
physical director, unless the janitor is very unusual, may 
have to systematize and supervise his work, telling him 
just what to do and how to do it. 

In large Associations the janitorial force is under the 
direction of an expert building superintendent, and all 
matters pertaining to upkeep should be discussed with 
him and not with the janitors personally. 

4. Sanitation. The first esseritial of a gymnasium is 
that it shall be clean. The floor should be swept thor- 
oughly every day. Wet sawdust sprinkled on the floor 
will lay the dust and make it cling to the broom or brush. 



100 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

An oil-soaked cover on the broom will also prevent the 
dust from spreading and in addition give to the floor a 
freshened appearance. The floor should be mopped 
weekly or oftener, but the use of washing soda or powder 
must never be allowed, as it dissolves the oil out of the 
floor. The addition of an antiseptic to the water is ad- 
visable. All the apparatus, both fixed and movable, 
should be treated daily with a moist cloth or duster. 
The running track and the mats should be gone over 
daily, if possible, with a vacuum cleaner. Painted mats 
do not absorb the dust and are easily cleaned. The mats 
of every gymnasium should be sterilized frequently, as 
infection may be spread by accumulated sweat and dirt. 

At least once a year the walls of the gymnasium, baths, 
etc., should be washed with a disinfecting solution and 
every nook and corner thoroughly cleansed. A similar 
application should be made to the lockers, which should 
be scrubbed inside and out and all dusty clothes removed. 
Where possible a thorough fumigation of the plant is 
recommended. The use of non-spilling cuspidors, con- 
taining a germicidal preparation, or better still, running 
water cuspidors, should be furnished. These must be 
cleansed daily. A shower bath with the use of soap by 
members should be insisted upon before entering the 
pool, and the wearing of swimming suits, trunks, or 
other clothing should be strictly prohibited. 

Many efficient filters are on the market and as a rule 
the water may be kept clean and safe for a considerable 
period through their installation. The occasional ad- 
dition of hypochloride of lime or its continued applica- 
tion through a chlorinator is recommended by many to 
keep down the bacterial content. 



GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT loi 

Discolored tile may be cleansed by the use of a solution 
of hydrochloric acid. 

Watch must be kept to detect and eliminate venereal 
disease. 

Men with weak hearts and those subject to fainting 
spells or epileptic fits should be denied the use of the 
Department but especially of the pool unless closely super- 
vised. 

Bathroom and locker room floors should receive daily 
mopping. 

Urinals and closets should not only be kept scru- 
pulously cleansed but the closet seats should be fre- 
quently washed with an antiseptic preparation. Sanitary 
fountains and individual towels only, should be fur- 
nished. 

The mouthpiece of the spirometer in the examination 
room should be washed with a tasteless antiseptic so- 
lution before using; such mouthpieces should be non- 
absorbent, or wooden ones, which may be destroyed after 
use, may be purchased at a small cost. 

A sterilizing room may be installed where towels and 
clothing can be submitted to thorough treatment. 

Most gymnasiums are kept too warm. A temperature 
of not over 65 degrees is advisable. The bathrooms 
should be warm (over 70 degrees) and well- ventilated. 
Baths should not be located in the same room with the 
lockers, as the excessive humidity and heat make it un- 
pleasant for those dressing and also prevent the clothing 
in the lockers from drying properly. Every morning all 
windows in the gymnasium and locker rooms and bath- 
rooms should be opened for thorough ventilation. 

Partitions and other obstacles that keep out sunlight 



I02 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

and prevent circulation of air should be avoided. Dirt, 
darkness, and foul air are the enemies of health. 
Cleanliness is a hygienic law. An equipment though not 
elaborate will be exceedingly attractive if clean. 

5. Supplies, a. Clothing. Unless the employed staff 
is large, or a special clerk is in charge, it is better to 
place gymnasium supplies on sale in a general Asso- 
ciation store, where educational and other supplies are 
handled. The question as to whether the Association 
should sell gymnasium clothing is a debatable one. Its 
advantages are : It is a convenience to members, aids in 
establishing a uniform costume if desired, and is a source 
of income. The possible disadvantages are those inci- 
dental to selling goods. It is often unwise, especially in 
small cities, to compete with business firms. Physical 
directors or other employes should not manage such a 
business venture as a form of personal income, or have 
such apply on their salaries. A cash register is a con- 
venient method of checking sales. 

b. Clubs. All supplies for the wrestling, fencing, and 
other clubs should be ordered through the general busi- 
ness office of the Association. It is bad policy to allow 
representatives of these organizations to contract bills in 
the name of the Association. 

c. Renting of Towels. Arrangements should be made 
so that members can rent towels from the Association at 
a cost not to exceed three cents each. Soap also should 
be on sale. Many Associations now furnish small cakes 
at a penny each, or include soap with the towel. The 
charge for towel and soap are determined by the cost of 
material and laundering. To insure the return of towels 
by members, a common practice is to require a member 
to bring back to the counter the used towel in return for 



GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 103 

the membership ticket which he left for deposit when 
entering the locker room. Another method is to give 
each member a brass check on which a deposit of twenty- 
five cents is made. The member carries the check and 
gives it to the clerk at the time of receiving the towel 
and this check is returned when the towel is brought 
back. Failure to return the towel causes forfeiture of 
the check. 

Handling the New Members 

A systematic procedure should be followed in the As- 
sociation office for introducing the new member into the 
Physical Department. The importance of making an 
early appointment for physical examination should be 
emphasized. Where possible these appointments should 
be made at the Department office, but in many Associ- 
ations it will be found necessary to make them in the 
general office. This appointment should be for a time 
and date to suit the earliest convenience of the member. 
The new member is given a '' Personal History " card 
on which is wTitten at the time of appointment, his name, 
m.aiHng address and telephone number, character of 
privilege applied for, and the date and time of his ap- 
pointment. This card the applicant is asked to fill out 
and bring with him to his examination. It should call 
for information about as follows : 

Age. 

Occupation (past and present). 
Married or single. 

Early education : grammar school, public or private, 
hio-h school, college. 

Personal history; past illness and injuries. 
Past physical training. 



104 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

Use of stimulants and narcotics; e. g., alcohol, tobacco, 
tea, cofifee, etc. 

Hours of work, sleep, recreation, and exercise. 

Present condition. 

(See Appendix, page 283, for sample card.) 

Ample space should be left for noting any special matters 
relating to physical life and habits of the applicant. 
Mention should also be made that all the information 
given will be kept strictly confidential. 

One of the most important duties, if not the most im- 
portant, of the physical director is the meeting of the new 
members. The first impression of a young man in 
strange surroundings are the most lasting. Carelessness 
or indifference shown at this time may seriously affect 
future relations. A courteous, dignified, and sympa- 
thetic attitude removes much of his nervousness and 
restraint. 

The Physical Examination 

Purpose. The purpose of the examination is four- 
fold. 

1. To discover the present condition of the applicant. 

2. To discover his present need. 

3. To guide in an intelligent application of the work 
to meet these conditions and needs. 

4. To relate the member to the work of the Depart- 
ment and the Association as a whole, with reference to 
his physical, mental, and moral needs and qualifications. 

Arrangements should be made for the frequent exami- 
nation of those members who are participating in active 
and severe competition. 

The examiner may be the physical director, if he is 
fully qualified by training and experience, or one of a 



GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 105 

corps of physicians that volunteer their services for this 
work. These volunteer examiners should be fully in- 
structed as to the character of the examination and the 
special points to be emphasized. Where many examina- 
tions must be made within a short time, a large group 
may be handled by a number of physicians, preferably 
specialists, working together, each examining a particu- 
lar function. In other cases a preliminary vital exami- 
nation may be given and an appointment made for a 
more complete study at a later period. 

Routine to be Observed. The following routine is 
suggested in making the examination : 

1. Study of Personal History Data. While the mem- 
ber is preparing for his examination, a careful study 
should be made of the information furnished on the per- 
sonal history blank. This may serve as an important 
guide. 

2. Questioning. By skillful questioning much addi- 
tional information may be obtained regarding the mem- 
ber's personal habits, peculiarities, and special reasons 
for joining the Association. 

3. Inspection. Look for superficial signs of defects 
or disease, note the facial expression and contour, mode 
of breathing, skin conditions, deformities, etc., also the 
muscular development and tone, the degree of vitality, 
amount of adipose tissue present, temperament, and any 
other points which may have a bearing on the more de- 
tailed examination. 

4. The Examination. A careful examination should 
be made of the following structures and in about the 
order named: 

a. Heart, bloodvessels, and circulation. 



io6 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

b. Respiratory tract, including lungs, nose, throat, and 
teeth. 

c. Special senses, eye and ear. 

d. Spinal column for curvatures and faulty positions 
of the head, shoulders, and trunk. 

e. Feet and legs, signs of broken-down arches, etc. 

f . External genitalia, for hernia, varicocele, hydrocele, 
phimosis, and signs of present or past venereal diseases. 

5. Personal Advice to Members should be based upon : 

a. The defects found. 

b. The general condition of health, kind and amount 
of exercise required. 

c. Social and educational needs. Relation to the work 
of the Department. Daily occupation and personal de- 
velopment. 

d. Religious experience and needs. 

In addition to the general specific advice given by the 
examiner, arrangements may be made for a more exhaus- 
tive discussion of the religious life of the member 
through cooperation with the religious work department 
in the organization of a committee composed of men 
especially fitted for doing this work. The data for intel- 
ligently dealing with the member should be handed to the 
interviewer at the time of his introduction to him. 

Assignment to Locker 

At this time full information should be given to the 
new member regarding the privileges to which he is enti- 
tled and the location of the various rooms of the Depart- 
ment. He should be furnished a copy of the rules of 
the Department, a schedule of activities, and any other 
literature which will be of help to him. 



GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT 107 

Assignment to Work 

The physical director should always attempt to place 
the new member in some organized class or group, prefer- 
ably one in which he will have an inherent interest. Ar- 
range also to introduce him to the one in charge of the 
group selected and if he has no friends in the Depart- 
ment, see that he meets one or more clean men, Christian 
if possible, who hold the Association viewpoint. In ad- 
dition, personal instruction should be given in any exer- 
cises he may require to meet his special needs. 



CHAPTER V 
DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 

MEMBERSHIP GROUPINGS 

In order adequately to meet the physical needs of the 
men and boys in the membership and community the 
program of the institution should be planned with refer- 
ence to their ages or occupations or both, as follows : 

1. According to Physiological Age: 

a. Pre-pubescent, representing roughly ages 12-14, weight up 

to 95 lbs. 

b. Pubescent, representing roughly ages 14-16, weight up to 

95-115 lbs. 

c. Post-pubescent, representing roughly ages 16-21, weight up 

to 1 15-125 lbs. 

d. Younger matured, representing roughly ages 21-25, weight 

125 lbs. and over. 

e. Older matured, representing roughly ages 25 and over. 

The findings of various investigators of age groupings 
are not uniform and as considerable overlapping must 
occur, latitude must be allowed when dividing the mem- 
bership according to chronological age. 

Wherever possible Dr. C. Ward Crampton's index 
should be used as a most satisfactory and easy method 
for determining groupings according to physiological age. 

2. According to Natural Groupings: 
Boys 

a. Schoolboys 

Grammar school 12-14 

High school 

Younger group 14-16 

Older group 16-18 

108 



DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 109 

b. Employed Boys 

Younger group 14-16 

Older group 16-18 

Men 

a. Sedentary Workers 

Office and store clerks 18-25 

Younger business men 25-40 

Older business men 40 and over 

b. Those whose occupations demand vigorous use of 
large general muscle groups. 

c. Those whose occupations are more or less seden- 
tary or limited as to space and require the use of small 
and limited muscle groups. 

J. Special Groups: 

Leaders, clubs, college students, civil service men, 
clergymen, newspaper men, wrestlers, fencers, etc. 

Results Sought 

In planning a program for the various groups certain 
definite results are sought as follows : 

1. Hygienic. Gaining and maintaining health and or- 
ganic vigor, through exercise, and instruction in all mat- 
ters pertaining to healthful living. 

2. Educational. Gaining control of the neuro-mus- 
cular apparatus through tactics, calisthenics, gymnastics, 
and the more formal types of exercise. 

3. Ethical and Social. The gaining of self-control, 
respect for the rights of others, and cooperation for the 
help of others, through group games and sports, and 
general supervision of the conduct of the members in 
the Department. 

The following outline is suggested for arranging the 
program according to the age of members to obtain the 
above results: 



no 



PHYSICAL EDUCATION 



Pre- Pubescent Group (Roughly 12 to 14 years of age). 



HYGIENIC 



Results Sought 
Securing of correct posture. 
Moderate muscular effort. 
Moderate effect on circula- 
tion and respiration. 



Type of Work 
Calisthenics : 
Corrective and general mus- 
cular movements; jumping; 
vaulting ; running ; folk 
dancing; games for hygienic 
effect. 



In this period growth in weight and height is reduced 
to the minimum. The boy tires easily and all work 
should be moderate in amount with frequent periods of 
rest. 

EDUCATIONAL 



1. Coordination of the large 

muscle groups. 

2. A sense of correct and exact 

muscular movement (what 
is popularly known as 
form). 



1. Calisthenics with or with- 

out apparatus, including 
fancy steps for coordina- 
tion. 

2. Swimming. 

3. Jumping and vaulting and 

exercises on apparatus re- 
quiring momentary sup- 
port with special refer- 
ence to developing accu- 
racy of movement. 



ETHICAL AND SOCIAL 



Obedience to law: 

a. Of the department. 

b. Of games and sports. 
Respect for the rights of 

others. 



Informal games and sport in 
individual contests : athletics ; 
handball ; basket ball, etc., used 
simply as play. 



Pubescent Group (Roughly from 14 to 16 years of age). 

HYGIENIC 

Results Sought 
I. Maintentince and securing 



of correct posture. 

2. Increased muscular power. 

3. Increased vigor of heart 

and lungs. 



Type of Work 
Calisthenics : 
Corrective and vigorous ex- 
ercise involving the large 
muscle groups; jumping; 
running; vaulting games, 



DEPARTMENT PROGRAM in 

As this is the period when there is a strong tendency 
to overdo, incentives should be minimized and the need 
of restraint be recognized. 

EDUCATIONAL 

1. Supply deficiency of train- Calisthenics : 

ing in coordination and For coordination, including 

accurate muscular sense fancy steps ; exercises on ap- 

(form). paratus requiring moderate 

2. Training in handling the length of support and in- 

body by means of the arms creasing complexity, 

and shoulders. 

ETHICAL AND SOCIAL 

1. Supply deficiency in training Games and sports in groups, 

in obedience to the law of requiring cooperation (team 

the individual. play), basket ball, baseball, 

2. Obedience to group law. group athletics, etc. 

3. Cooperation within the 

group. 

4. Subserviency of the indi- 

vidual to the interest of 
the group. 

5. A keen sense of justice in 

dealing with other groups. 

Post-Pubescent Group (16 to 20 years of age). 

HYGIENIC 

Results Sought Type of Work 

1. Correction and maintenance Calisthenics: 

of posture. ^ Corrective and vigorous 

2. Development and mainte- muscular movements; jump- 

nance of full muscular ing, vaulting, running, 

power and vitality. games, wrestling, boxing, etc. 

EDUCATIONAL 
Supply and^ continue training Calisthenics: 
in coordination and accuracy of Fencing, apparatus work, 

movement (grace). full program. 

ETHICAL AND SOCIAL 

Supply deficiency of previous i. Continuation of games and 
training in personal and group sports of former groups, 

relationships. 2. Development of leadership, 

for basket ball, baseball 
and groups. 



112 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

Younger Matured Group (21 to 25 years of age). 

HYGIENIC 

Results Sought Type of Work 

Maintenance of organic vigor. Calisthenics : 

Corrective exercises and 
continuation of same work 
as in former group in 
greater intensity. 

EDUCATIONAL 

Supplement and supply as Continuation of work of for- 
much as possible deficient mer groups with diminishing 
training of former periods. emphasis on exercises for edu- 

cational effect. 

ETHICAL AND SOCIAL 
Development of social interest Continuation of the group 
and cooperation in social ser- plan, emphasizing the social 
vice. features. This is the period 

in which loyalty to the organ- 
ization may be developed. 

Older Matured Group (25 years of age and over). 

HYGIENIC 

Results Sought Type of Work 

Maintenance of organic vigor Main work of this group is the 
and vitality. maintenance of health and vi- 

tality by means of calisthenics, 
games of individual interest 
seeking pleasurable vigorous 
exercises. 

EDUCATIONAL 

Only very limited results can Very small proportion of the 
be expected after the age of purely educational factor 
twenty-five in supplying lack should enter into the work, 
of coordination due to defec- It is only incidental, 
tive training in former periods, 
but perhaps some attempt 
should be made. 

ETHICAL AND SOCIAL 
Continuation of social service. Fair dealing. Social equality. 

Association and community in- 
terests. 



DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 113 

DAY'S ORDER 

It is essential to the successful and efficient operation 
of any class session that it should have a definite order 
of procedure arranged according to the needs of the 
group. This has been called the day's order. 

The exercises in every day's order should be arranged 
to obtain the following results: 

1. A gradual beginning. 

2. An increasing intensity. 

3. An increasing complexity. 

4. A maximum intensity. 

5. Gradually increasing intensity. 

6. Recreation and relation. 

7. Bath and rubdown. 

This has reference to all the activities in any one ses- 
sion. The session may be divided into four periods as 
follows : 

/. Calisthenic Period 

a. Exercise to gain attention, tactics, marching, etc. 

b. Introductory exercises ; to secure correct posture and 
to increase the respiration and circulation. 

c. Exercises for educational efifect largely, control and 
coordination. 

d. Exercises involving large muscle groups. Hygienic 
effect. 

e. Exercises of decreasing intensity or those involving 
smaller and limited groups of muscles. 

2. Apparatus and Athletic Period 

Work in this period can be arranged with reference 
to its hygienic or educational value or both, but in any 
case it should be made to fit into the preceding outline, 
and should be progressive from day to day. (This 



114 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

period may be eliminated in business men's and other 

groups.) 

5. Recreation Period 

The work of this period should be planned to provide 
complete relaxation, through simple, informal, massed 
games and sports either in the gymnasium or pool or 
both. 
4. The Bath and Rtibdown 

Division of Period * 

Three class sessions a week are recommended for each 
group. 

The relative time given to the different periods in each 
session are recommended to be approximately as follows : 

1. Pre-pubescent Group. Age 12-14. 
Total time of class session, i hour. 
Calisthenics period, 20 per cent, 13 minutes. 
Formal type, 20 " " 12 minutes. 
Recreation period, 60 " '^ 35 minutes. 
In natatorium, 20 minutes. 

If the length of the session be increased the first period 
in all cases should remain approximately the same, the 
increase being distributed over the two later periods. 

2. Pubescent Group. Age 14-16. 

Total time of class session, i 1/4 hours. 

Calisthenics, 20 per cent, 15 minutes. 

Formal type, 25 " " 20 minutes. 

Recreation, 55 " '' 40 minutes. 

In natatorium, 20 '* 
In this group provision may be made for the character- 
istic difference between high school and employed groups 
of the same age. 



DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 115 

High school groups may be given more of the formal 
types of work by means of athletics, etc., while for the 
employed boy apparatus work may well be used. 

It is especially important in this group that discipline 
should be emphasized. 

3. PosT-puBESCENT Group. Employed boys. Age 
16-18. 

Total time of class session, i 1/4 hours. 
Calisthenics, 25 per cent, 20-25 minutes. 

Formal type, 25 '* '' 20-25 minutes. 

Recreation, 50 " " 35 minutes. 

In natatorium, 20-25 minutes 

4. Office and Store Clerks. Age 18-21. 
Total time of class session, i hour. 
Calisthenics 35 per cent, 20 minutes. 
Formal type, 50 " " 30 minutes. 
Recreation 17 '' " 10 minutes. 

5. Younger Business Men. Age 21-25. 
Total time of class session, 3/4 hour. 

(a) Afternoon group: 

Calisthenics, 70 per cent, 30 minutes. 

Recreation, 30 '* '' 15 minutes. 

(b) Evening group : 

Same as above group or group 4. 

6. Older Business Men. Age 25 and over. 
Total time of class session, 3/4 hour. 



1 (The following division of the day's order was suggested by M. I. 
Foss at the Eastern District Conference, Atlantic Conference, January 
8-11, 1919. 

Calisthenics Apparatus Work Athletics 
Schoolboys 22% 18% 13% 

Working Boys 23% 18% 15% 

Young Men 20% 17% 12% 

Business Men 36% 2% 11% 



Games 


Swimming 


26% 


24% 


24% 


22% 


29% 


16% 


43% 


x6% 



ii6 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

Calisthenics, 70 per cent, 30 minutes. 

Recreation, 30 '' '' 15 minutes. 

Year's Program 

In harmony with the poHcy presented to the Board of 
Directors, a program for the year should be prepared 
covering all the features of the work. 

In preparing the program care should be taken that the 
necessary balance be maintained, that all features receive 
their proper emphasis. Two considerations should 
guide : First, the relative values of the various activities, 
and, second, the predominating interest in the member- 
ship. '' Needs " should not be sacrificed to '' Wants " 
however. Calisthenics, recreative games, and massed 
work of all kinds should be given the large place, spe- 
cialized athletics, gymnastics, etc., a subordinate place. 

The activities may be divided into: (i) Winter Pro- 
gram and (2) Summer Program. 

I. Winter Program. 

Beginning October ist and ending May ist. It may 
be divided into two terms, the first beginning October 
1st and ending January 15th; the second beginning Jan- 
uary 15th and ending May ist. Or three terms: Fall, 
Winter, Spring. 

The program of work should make provision for every 
group of men and boys represented in the membership 
and be in harmony with its need as suggested in the pre- 
vious outline. 

a. Graded classes, including calisthenics, apparatus or 
athletic work, and recreation. 

By " graded class " is meant one in which its mem- 
bers are graded according to ability, and the exercises 
are graded according to their educational value. The 



DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 117 

Organization of this class should be carefully planned and 
the following suggestions will be found helpful. 

(i) Registration of its members: As this class is to 
have an educational basis, its attendance must be as 
regular as possible. Each member should be registered, 
and examined so that he can be placed in a grade suited 
to his ability. Where possible, men who are congenial 
should be placed in the same group so that the social 
spirit will be fostered. 

(2) Grading the men. The class may be divided into 
three or five grades, as may be thought best, and each 
grade is again divided into divisions in which there 
should not be more than twelve or fifteen men, and better, 
ten. When divisions are large the wait between the in- 
dividual exercises is too long and the interest is likely to 
flag. 

(3) Leadership. This class is usually in charge of 
the Leaders' Corps and when the massed class is broken 
up into divisions for instruction in gymnastics or ath- 
letics, each division is placed in charge of one of the 
members of the corps whose duty it is to teach the ex- 
ercises planned for it by the director. A leader may be 
appointed to a division for a single session or for a term, 
the latter being the most satisfactory as it enables him 
to become acquainted with the members of his division 
and is of value in establishing an esprit de corps in the 
group. 

(4) Grading the work. There are several graded out- 
lines of gymnastics published by Association Press, all 
of which are good. When athletics are part of the 
*' Day's Order," they should also be graded. The leader 
should have received thorough instruction so that he will 
be familiar with the exercises he is to teach. 



Ii8 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

(5) Examination for Promotion. At the close of 
each term an examination should be held for the purpose 
of promoting to higher grade those who have attained a 
sufficient standard in the work of their grade. This 
should be a real test and only those who come up to a 
definite standard should be allowed to pass to a higher 
grade. 

(6) Class Day. It promotes interest to arrange, at the 
close of the season, a program covering the various fea- 
tures of the work of the class and invite the public and 
especially the friends of the members of the class to be 
present. Every member of the class should be urged to 
take part and if properly prepared it may be made one 
of the best means of acquainting the public with the work 
of the Department. 

b. Classes for Business Men or others who cannot at- 
tend regularly, and to whom gymnastic work does not 
appeal. 

Classes for business men are usually held in the late 
afternoon or at the noon hour. The work usually con- 
sists of a sharp calisthenic drill, a recreative feature, and 
a run. In classes conducted at the noon hour the work 
should be light and largely recreative. They should be 
held before rather than after the meal, so as not to in- 
terfere with the digestive processes. 

For young men who cannot come regularly, and who 
do not care for the graded class program, an evening 
class may be arranged, in which the activities are similar 
to those in the business men's group. 

c. Informal Recreation Periods. In these periods, any 
member may take part and the activities are purely rec- 
reational. These informal games should not be allowed 
to fall into the control of cliques. The leaders in the 



DEPARTMENT PROGRAM iiQ 

various sports should be changed often and every effort 
should be made to interest the new members (see In- 
formal Compensation, p. 123). 

d. Organized Recreative and Competitive Features — 
tournaments and leagues, in games, athletics and 
aquatics (for organization, etc., see Formal Competition, 
p. 125). 

e. Organized Work in Special Features, such as box- 
ing, wrestling, dancing, etc. Success in these activities 
depends upon competent leadership, and when this can 
be secured they form an important part of any program. 

f. Demonstrations and Entertainments. In the year's 
program provision should be made for demonstrations 
of the regular and special features of the work, and for 
entertainments of gymnastic or athletic character, to 
which the public and especially the friends of the partici- 
pants are invited. The purpose of these gatherings 
should be to acquaint the community with the varied 
character of the activities of the Department, and for 
the social value which such gatherings should have. The 
greatest care should be exercised in arranging these pro- 
grams so as to insure a proper conception of the work, 
by those attending. They also have an excellent effect in 
interesting the members and promoting loyalty to the As- 
sociation. (For a further discussion of social value, see 
Social Program, p. 132.) 

g. Activities, outside the Building, Many attractive 
features may be organized in the open air, such as skat- 
ing, snowshoeing, tramps, etc., and often appeal to men 
who are not interested in the indoor program. 

h. Special Training. Private instruction in boxing, 
fencing, wrestling, swimming, and medical g}^mnastics, 
may be planned if competent instructor? can be secured. 



120 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

It is, as a rule, not advisable for the physical director to 
do this work himself as it is too trying and requires 
time out of all proportion to the number of men reached. 

2. Summer Program 

Heretofore the greatest activity in the physical work 
has been in the winter months. Then the gymnasium 
classes are crowded and the activities are at high tide. 
We have assumed that with the warm season men would 
cease taking active exercise and so have planned little 
for them, though it is in the summertime when men and 
boys have most leisure and seek recreation and when they 
really enjoy exercise most. 

In recent years it has been found that if the work has 
been rightly planned, properly announced, and its char- 
acter changed, work in the gymnasium can be continued 
throughout the entire summer. The majority of young 
men have very short vacations, and must remain in the 
city the greater part of the summer, and as the Associ- 
ation building is usually centrally located, it is most ac- 
cessible. 

Now, if an individual does certain types of work when 
he has the least time, it is to be expected that he will do 
more when he has more time. If he does not, there 
must be some psychological reason. His great need is 
not less to do, but different things to do. Not inactivity, 
but a change in activity fitted to the summer spirit. 

The ordinary gymnasium schedules are too suggestive 
of winter and therefore not advisable. Just as we have 
discovered that education should not be limited to winter 
terms, and that summer provides unusual opportunities 
by simply changing the environment of the classroom to 
the park, the garden or the roof, so physical work can 



DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 121 

be conducted in the building by changing the type of 
work. Even in as hot a section as the downtown portion 
of a city it has been proven that gymnasium classes can 
be conducted, with modifications in the type of exercise, 
throughout the entire summer. 

First of all the Association building and its accessories 
should suggest the spirit of summer. There should be a 
change in the furnishings. Curtains and heavy up- 
holstery .should be displaced by things more seasonable. 
Electric and other fans, plants, flowers, bubbling foun- 
tains with clear, clean, cool water for drinking purposes 
should be available. The roof or an adjacent lot may 
be appropriately equipped and electrically lighted for 
recreative games. As accessories to the regular work, 
baseball scores can be announced and ofttimes music 
afforded. 

The calisthenic drills should be brief, snappy, and 
happy and should be followed by recreative games. 
Spring and summer tournaments in handball, volley ball, 
and even indoor baseball are popular and hold interest. 
The swimming pool can be made very attractive, and there 
may be special effort to give instruction in swimming 
and lifesaving with other features for the more ad- 
vanced swimmers. Of course, the ideal plan is to trans- 
fer the indoor work to out-of-doors and simply continue 
the winter schedule in a different environment and with 
a different day's order. Where an athletic field with 
adequate facilities for all forms of athletic games and 
sports is available this is possible. But it must be re- 
membered that simply having a field is not sufficient. It 
must be well supervised and an active and varied pro- 
gram of activities provided. 

Experience proves that a field near a body of water 



122 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

where bathing and boating privileges are available is 
most popular. If it is out of the city any considerable 
distance a clubhouse with dormitories can be a part of 
the equipment. 

Many Associations by force of circumstances will be 
unable to provide such equipment, but this does not mean 
that summer activity is impossible. (See Appendix, p. 
230, for hints on organizing.) 

The following program is suggestive : 

a. Work inside the Building 

(i) Informal classes in calisthenics and gymnastics 
may be held where interest can be sustained. 

(2) Informal, and sometimes organized, games and 
sports in the gymnasium and especially in the 
natatorium. 

b. Work outside the Building 
(i) Association athletic fields 

(a) A thorough organization should be planned 
for a systematic program in the various athletic 
sports and games. 

(b) The promotion of leagues and contests in the 
various outdoor sports. 

Where no athletic fields are provided but use can be 
made of public parks and fields, the same type of work 
may be conducted as suggested above. 

(2) Camps 

Every Association should provide opportunities 
for camping for longer or shorter periods, such 
as: 

(a) Summer residential camps for the entire sea- 
son, or 



DEPARTMENT PROGRAM I23 

(b) For shorter periods and week-end trips. 
Provision can be made at these camps for conducting 
all or part of the athletic and aquatic programs. 

(3) Camping Trips 

These may vary from week-end or single-night 
trips to those extending over longer periods. 
All these camping parties should be thoroughly organ- 
ized under competent Christian supervision. 

(4) Outings 

Frequent tramps or trips by boat, rail, or street 
cars, to places of interest may be arranged. 
Guides or leaders who can point out places and things 
of interest, or can conduct nature studies make these 
outings both pleasurable and profitable. 

(5) Vacation Bureaus 

The procuring, tabulating, and dissemination of in- 
formation about all classes of summer resorts, camps, 
etc., where men may spend their vacations, including 
places where it may be possible for men of small means 
to have a vacation and where part or the whole of the 
expense may be met by working part of the time, will be 
found very helpful. 

Program for Recreation and Competition 

I. Informal Competition 

In a well-balanced program of physical work recre- 
ative activity will have a large place. Each class period 
should be arranged so as to make ample provision for 
informal recreation. This can be secured in two ways. 
First, by introducing the recreative element into the vari- 
ous physical activities, and, second, by organizing more 
formal recreative games. In the former, recreative exer- 



124 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

cise can be introduced in some of the calisthenic drills by 
using various athletic, boxing, fencing, and wrestling at- 
titudes or positions. The heavy apparatus can be used 
to get over and around in rapid and informal fashion. 

All forms of play can be introduced in connection with 
the more formal work, such as jumping over the elephant, 
relay races around the apparatus or around Indian clubs, 
and using the medicine ball in various ways. While the 
physical director will, in portions of his day's order, in- 
sist upon erect carriage, and accuracy in executing ex- 
ercises, he should also keep in mind that his work must 
be interesting, pleasing, and attractive. 

From these informal phases of exercise the director 
can proceed to games that have some form of organi- 
zation, such as volley ball, battle ball, indoor baseball, in- 
door hockey, ring hockey, and basket ball. 

For class purposes these games must be modified so 
as to make use of the largest possible number of players, 
provide adequate muscular activity, a minimum risk of 
injury, and demand little skill. The fewer rules the 
better. Such games have the value of completely ab- 
sorbing the interest of the players and of stimulating 
regular attendance. The games should not, however, dis- 
place other forms of activity which are essential. 

Occasional informal tournaments in different games 
will add greatly to the enthusiasm. 

Business men's classes can be divided into teams, and 
short time games played covering a brief series. 
Friendly rivalry is healthy and stimulates the social life 
of the group. A carnival made up of several varieties 
of games so as to encourage a wider range of interest, 
and an all-around development, is an excellent plan. In 
all such activity the participation of the least skilled 



DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 125 

must be encouraged, and provision made for them in the 
scheme of scoring and enrolment. The following is a 
suggestive Hst of sports: 

a. Inside the Building: 
Volley ball Hockey 
Indoor baseball Soccer 

Basket ball .Gymnastic games 

Handball Swimming 

Athletics Bowling, etc. 
Group games 

b. Outside the Building: 

Many times an informal program of sports can be ar- 
ranged for at a convenient point outside the building 
either with special groups or where the entire member- 
ship is invited to participate. Games such as baseball, 
soccer, lacrosse, tennis, athletics, cross-country running, 
winter sports, aquatics, etc., can be used at such gather- 
ings. 

2. Formal Competition 

General statement. Formal competitions are those in 
which individuals or groups strive to win special recog- 
nition in the winning of prizes or honorable mention. 

From informal types of recreation, it is a natural step 
to more formal competition. Many Associations find it 
good practice to set aside a definite period for competitive 
games, and provide for interclass competition, group 
games, membership athletic meets, etc., with or without 
trophies, to which friends of members are invited. 

So long as competition is confined to the membership, 
there is little difficulty in rnanaging it, and the results 
are beneficial. 



126 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

When, however, competitive relations in athletics and 
sports with other organizations are undertaken, the con- 
ditions are altered and more careful supervision is needed. 
The spirit of the contest often becomes tense, a higher 
degree of specialization is demanded, and a system of 
training on the part of the players required. 

Whenever a policy of open competition is decided 
upon, it should be approved and supported by the Phys- 
ical Department committee. 

The competitors and members of the team must be 
made acquainted with the policy of the Association in 
the regulation of such activities. Definite schedules for 
practice periods for games must be arranged in advance 
and faithfully adhered to in practice. Many Associ- 
ations have suffered severely because policies have not 
been framed in advance and conscientiously followed. 
In adopting a policy in reference to competitive athletics, 
the following should be insisted upon : 

Only men who represent in fair degree the Association 
ideals should be selected to represent the Association. 

The number of games to be played both in the As- 
sociation building and elsewhere must be decided. 
The manner in which participants are to be selected 
should be clear. In every case only members in good 
standing for a reasonable period should be eligible. A 
plain statement should be made of the policy followed in 
the Association regarding traveling expenses, entry fees, 
or honoraria of any sort. Too frequently groups or 
cliques of young men have formed in Associations and 
have demanded special privileges, undue attentions, and 
discriminations, thus perverting the motive of such sports. 
Athletics in the Association are justified only on the basis 
that they make f pr health and character. 



DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 127 

The physical director and Physical Department com- 
mittee must be acquainted with the correspondence and 
the plans of the managers of Association teams. Re- 
lations with other teams should be in accordance with 
the amateur platform and the spirit stated in the pro- 
nouncement published in the Handbook of the Athletic 
League of Young Men's Christian Associations of North 
America of which League every Association should be 
a member. The Association should have relations with 
only those teams which are related to some reputable 
governing body or institution except where special agree- 
ment can be made with those not so related by which 
their amateur standing is ascertained. 

The members' welfare must be protected by the Asso- 
ciation and care exercised that only those in good physical 
condition participate. The zeal of some must be checked 
lest they overdo or over-emphasize the importance of 
sport, and permit it to take too much of their time, 
strength, and attention. 

When teams go away from the Association building 
they should be in charge of a responsible leader or man- 
ager. 

The physical director himself must be particularly 
careful not to allow the desire for victory to warp his 
judgment, but should exemplify in his own conduct the 
ideal sportsman he expects others to be. 

When athletics are conducted in accordance with the 
foregoing suggestions they stimulate good-fellowship, a 
desirable social spirit, and loyalty to the Association. 

Types 

I. Group. Contests in which the record of the in- 
dividual or team is credited to the score of the group of 



128 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

which the individual or team is a member. The en- 
deavor is to enlist the largest number of members ir- 
respective of ability. Systems of scoring are used which 
give every individual credit for the record m^ade. Em- 
phasis is placed upon individuals competing against their 
own records, no matter how mediocre, rather than to 
beat the records of other individuals. 

2. Classification Meets. The great advantage of 
these contests is that a large number can be induced to 
enter. Classifications may be: (i) by ability, (2) by 
weight, (3) by age, (4) by height, (5) by school grade. 

3. Intramural. Contests between various groups 
within the membership, as, (i) schoolboys, (2) work- 
ing boys, (3) dormitory men, (4) business men, (5) 
municipal employes, (6) interclass, (7) intraclass. 

4. Representative. Contests of Association repre- 
sentatives with other organizations. 

5. Tournaments, (i) Intramural. These should be 
run for a period not to exceed three months, in order 
to give the individuals in the losing group an opportunity 
of being selected for another term contest. As a rule 
these contests are made part of the regular class ses- 
sions. In some Associations special periods are set aside 
for such contests. These tournaments stimulate interest 
in the regular classwork, but it should be understood at 
the outset that they should not interfere with the pro- 
gram for the rank and file of the membership. (2) 
Representative. The kind and amount of representative 
competition will depend on local conditions. 

6. Short-time Meets. These are contests which are 
completed and decided within two or three hours' time, 
and may be either intramural — coming at the close of 
some tournament and serving as a climax ; or representa- 



DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 129 

tive, to which one or more other organizations are invited 
to take part. 

a. Suggested Events: 
(i) Individual 

(a) Track athletics: dashes, middle distance 
runs, distance runs, potato race, etc. 

(b) Field athletics: pole vault, jumping, shot 
put, etc. 

(c) Aquatics: short distance swims, long dis- 
tance swims, fancy diving, plunge for dis- 
tance, etc. 

(d) Miscellaneous: wrestling, fencing, boxing, 
etc. 

(2) Team Contests 

Basketball, volley ball, soccer, lacrosse, tennis, 
baseball, hockey (field and ring), water soc- 
cer, handball, etc. 

b. Scoring Methods, The Handbook of the Athletic 
League of North America and the special pamphlet by 
Dr. John Brown, " Athletic Tests for Boys," contain 
many valuable suggestions for grouping individuals and 
scoring table. 

c. Awards. The giving of cups and medals should be 
discouraged except possibly for special occasions. 
Recognition may be given in various ways: (i) Hon- 
orable mention by placing names of victors on tablets to 
be kept in the trophy or clubroom ; (2) certificates or 
diplomas; (3) ribbons; (4) buttons; (5) inexpensive 
pins; (6) pin medals; (7) standard medals. 

d. Organimng the Meet, In any contest, organiza- 
tion is essential to success. This includes committee 
service, publicity, printed matter, providing the neces- 



130 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

sary apparatus, and officials. Due forethought with 
reference to these matters will economize time and ef- 
fort and prevent confusion later. 

Things to remember in advance are: Time of meet; 
adequate accommodations for sports and spectators; 
cost; character of prizes; an assurance of an adequate 
number of entries ; selection of a date which does not con- 
flict with other attractions and activities; the increased 
effort which it will demand. These settled, then details 
must be considered. 

e. Printed Matter. Entry blanks must be sent to ath- 
letic organizations and followed up and widely dis- 
tributed. These should contain a clear statement of the 
date, place, events, and the character and number of the 
prizes. Provision must be made to carefully number and 
file these entries as they come in. The date of the clos- 
ing of the entries must be announced on the blank, and 
should be strictly adhered to, it being long enough in 
advance to allow for handicapping the events and the 
making up of the program. If prominent athletes enter, 
much can be made of this fact in good newspaper pub- 
licity and is the best form of advertising. Posters and 
street car signs may also be used to good advantage. 
Upon the receipt of each entry the competitor should be 
sent an admission card which will be an acknowledgment 
of his entry. He should also be advised of the time for 
starting the program and warned to be prepared to com- 
pete when called upon. A careful record should be kept 
in a separate book of each entrant, the fee paid, and the 
events entered. 

f. Officials. These should be selected with great care, 
and with reference to efficiency rather than to honor 
prominent individuals. Most meets have too many offi- 



DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 131 

cials and frequently many that know nothing about offi- 
ciating. Especial care should be used in selecting the 
referee, the starter, the chief clerk of course, and the 
judges of finish. 

Weakness in any of these points will seriously affect 
the success of the games, and leave a bad impression on 
both contestants and spectators. 

g, Apparatus. Days in advance the physical director 
should go over each item of the program and check up 
each article needed. Little items, like finish tape, whis- 
tles, pistols and cartridges, stop watches, pins for com- 
petitors' numbers, bars for the high jump standards, seem 
insignificant, but the absence of any one of them will 
cause delay and confusion. 

h. Conduct of the Meet Itself. The games should 
start on time and delays should not be tolerated. Some 
one person ought to be selected as the director of games 
whose sole duty it is to keep things moving. Many good 
meets have been spoiled by long-drawn-out and needless 
delays. The clerks should announce events long enough 
in advance to insure the prompt appearance of athletes. 

Marshals are an important element and should be effi- 
cient. None but officials or competitors should be al- 
lowed in the enclosure and even the latter must be sent 
off the field as soon as their event is over, though care 
should be taken to provide a place where they can wit- 
ness the games. Visiting contestants should receive 
courteous attention from the Association which is their 
host. 

A good announcer or bulletin board is an essential to 
the success of the meet. 



CHAPTER VI 
PROGRAM CONTINUED 

Social Program 

Nowhere is it more important that the social emphasis 
should be prominent than in the Physical Department. 
Man is essentially a social being and in every phase of 
life demands congenial companionship, and this is espe- 
cially true in his play life. Many educators believe that 
the greatest value of competitive athletics and games is 
found, not so much in their physical benefits as in their 
socializing effect. The great baseball, football, and other 
games are the greatest democratic gatherings found any- 
where. Common interest breaks down social barriers. 
Men will not stay where good-fellowship is not present. 
On the first entrance of the member into the Department 
he must find congenial surroundings and companionship. 
If this is lacking the work may be ever so scientific, yet it 
will fail to hold him for any great length of time. A 
study made in a metropolitan Association showed that 
more than one-half of the men who dropped out did so 
within the first two months, and the principal reason 
given was lack of congenial surroundings. New mem- 
bers coming into the Department, if they have no friends, 
should be introduced to those who will endeavor to make 
things pleasant. Get them into some class or group and 
put it up to the members of the group to make them feel 
at home. 

The '' day's order " should be socialized by introducing 

132 



DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 133 

into it at appropriate times, such features as will break 
up formality without destroying values. The laugh, the 
whistle, the song, if wisely used in any class drill will 
add to its attractiveness and promote a social atmosphere. 

The use of informal events of various types, such as 
hops and walks during the after-class nm, hand wres- 
tling, unique swimming and athletic contests, are desirable 
at times. Pick-up group team contests and games are 
likewise helpful. 

Of the more formal affairs that may be conducted in 
the interest of sociability the following list is suggested: 

The circus with its variations; a carnival of sports in 
the gymnasium and natatorium, including the great va- 
riety of floor and water games ; races such as, relay, hur- 
dle, tub, tgg and spoon, candle, three-leg, tandem; cross 
tank swims, tgg blowing, etc. ; specials, such as tug-of- 
war, bobbing for corks and apples, walking on the bottom 
of pool with weights, ducking, and such aquatic games 
as water basket ball, polo, soccer polo, fancy diving. 

Monthly socials in the gymnasium with a special pro- 
gram of games and sports, with or without refreshments. 
Dime socials — members depositing a dime to pay for 
cocoa, wafers, etc. — the entertainment consisting of 
games, singing, talks ; holiday socials, on Hallowe'en, St. 
Valentine's Day, April Fool's Day, etc. ; with character- 
istic features of entertainment. Suppers for classes, 
teams, committees, and clubs ; dinners and banquets to 
celebrate the close of team games, tournaments, and 
leagues ; and banquets at the end of a term or season's ac- 
tivities. An apple social, marshmallow roast, press so- 
cial, with an original paper edited by the members (per- 
sonal references in such a paper should not be offensive), 
are interesting. Local talent socials, where the entire 



134 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

entertainment is furnished by members of the class or 
club; a union sociable, in which the members of the De- 
partment combine with those of the Young Woman's 
Christian Association. 

Receptions to various groups of individuals, particu- 
larly those who are interested in the physical features, 
may be made to serve a social purpose, if properly ar- 
ranged and conducted. 

A committee on the visitation of the sick is a social 
feature, and because of its great importance should cer- 
tainly be included among the social activities of the 
Physical Department. 

To secure social value as well as to popularize the work 
in the community, frequent demonstrations of the vari- 
ous phases of physical activities should be held to which 
the public are invited. To avoid the dangers of com- 
mercialism admittance should usually be free and by in- 
vitation card or ticket. The events in the program 
should be demonstrations of the regular activities, so 
that the public as well as the participants may be im- 
pressed with the earnestness, wholesomeness as well as 
the joyousness of the work. (See Winter Program, 
p. ii6.) 

Health Education Program 

The human body is a complex and intricate machine. 
That all men should have at least a general knowledge 
of the laws governing the body is a self-evident fact. 
The driver of an automobile must not only know the 
workings of the steering gear, but if he is to get the most 
service from the car he must know the operation of every 
part, and be able at once to locate troubles that may 
arise. He must also know what obstacles to avoid in 



{ 



DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 135 

driving the machine. An auto may be able to run up a 
curbstone and through ruts for a while, but its life will 
be much shorter than if the chauffeur avoided such 
obstacles. 

In a similar way every man should know the human 
machine, what it needs for growth and development, how 
by constant and careful adjustments it can maintain a 
maximum working efficiency, and what must be avoided. 
The physical director, if he would be successful, must be 
more than a mere director of physical activities. The 
day is past when intelligent people are satisfied with one 
who merely plans a course in physical exercise, no mat- 
ter how scientific and practical, and does not provide in- 
struction relating to the healthy maintenance of all func- 
tions of the body. Men need to know more than simply 
how to exercise. 

At best the director will have his men in the gymna- 
sium only four or five hours per week, and by a single 
act of carelessness after leaving the exercise room they 
may undo all the good results obtained there. The 
physical director must be a physical educator, and teach 
men not only how to handle their bodies in the gymna- 
sium, on the athletic field, and in the swimming pool, but 
also how to get the best results from their physical or- 
ganism in their business or profession, what they may 
do and what they must avoid to remain healthy. This 
means that the laws of health must be taught, and when 
we recognize the fact that one-half of all sickness might 
be prevented, and that thousands of deaths might have 
been postponed, the gravity of the problem becomes evi- 
dent. Hygiene and prevention of disease are the latest 
developments of science. 

The relation of the physical director to the other de- 



136 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

partments of the Association, in the matter of health 
education, should be that of an expert adviser. Should 
the boys' division, the educational, or the religious work 
department, institute or promote health education within 
their respective memberships or in the community, the 
physical director as a specialist, should cooperate by giv- 
ing advice w^hen called upon and supplying qualified per- 
sons for such committee service. 

Three methods may be employed in the promotion of 
health education: (i) the class; (2) the lecture; and 
(3) the distribution of literature. 

1. The class method includes the use of a textbook, 
and demands considerable home and classroom work on 
the part of the pupil, continuing through one or more 
terms. 

2. By the lecture method, the subjects are covered 
singly or in courses, the material being largely handled 
by the instructor. Classes or lectures may be separate 
units of instruction, or they may be held in connection 
with other activities, such as gymnastic, educational, or 
Bible classes, or as a part of the Sunday afternoon meet- 
ing. A special campaign may be conducted for a week 
using a specialist on some particular phase of hygiene. 

3. For the distribution of health education literature, 
the following methods have been used with success : ( i ) 
At the time of personal examinations; (2) at a subse- 
quent special interview; (3) at lectures, classes and pub- 
lic entertainments ; (4) through selected individuals, com- 
mitteemen or institutions; (5) through the daily press or 
certain periodicals: (6) through vacation and general in- 
formation bureaus: (y) at public welfare exhibits: (8) 
through special mailing lists. All material used should 
be carefully selected and standard in quality. 



DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 137 

The Physical Department has a definite obligation to 
promote the study of personal hygiene, not only among 
its own members but also among the members of the 
Association as a whole and in the entire community. 
For the general membership, there may be talks before 
any related group of men or at more formal gatherings. 
For the community at large the director should associate 
with him a corps of local physicians and other specialists 
in formulating a broad plan, with good backing, that will 
ensure it being inaugurated and carried through with 
success. 

First Aid to the Injured 

Through the joint arrangement of the International 
Committee of Young Men's Christian Associations with 
the American National Red Cross of the United States 
Government, the members of every Association have the 
special privilege of pursuing courses in first aid under the 
joint sanction of these two organizations, and, if success- 
ful in the examination, may receive the official Red Cross 
certificate bearing the fac-simile signature of the Presi- 
dent of the United States. 

These first aid courses are of two grades : 

1. The Elementary Course, limited to those fifteen 
years of age and over, requires a thorough course of 
training in both theoretical and practice work. 

2. The Advanced Course is limited to men who have 
already passed the official elementary test. It involves 
both written and practice work, requires much more of 
the principles and reasons for methods pursued, and 
needs full and explicit replies to questions given in the 
test. 

In addition to the above courses, the International 



138 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

Committee of Young Men's Christian Associations con- 
ducts independently a course in First Aid to the Injured 
for boys under fifteen which involves the simple funda- 
mental principles of first aid, and grants its own cer- 
tificates to those successful in the examinations. 

Teachers or leaders of first aid should usually be active, 
successful physicians; though efficient physical directors 
with special training in this work may make good leaders. 
The course should involve ten to fifteen or more regular 
sessions of the class with the leader. Much emphasis 
should be given to the practice part of the course at each 
session of the class, and special attention given to the 
prevention of accidents. The thirty-cent textbook in 
first aid by Major Charles Lynch of the American Red 
Cross is used very largely in the best courses, but any 
other efficient, modern text may be acceptable. It is 
desirable that each student should own a textbook. 

Sex Hygiene 

The purpose of instruction in sex hygiene is to inspire 
high ideals, to teach self-mastery, to properly guard 
against the acquisition of wrong habits, and to correct 
false ideas that may have been acquired. 

All teaching should give chief emphasis to the moral 
and religious rather than the physiologic, or pathologic 
aspects of the subject. 

Instruction should center first upon the relation of the 
sex function to the growth and character of the indi- 
vidual ; then to the relation of the individual to society. 

The instructor should be a person of tested character 
and ability, possessed of virile manhood and a personality 
that will appeal to and command the respect of the 
individual or group with which he is dealing. 



DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 139 

The demand for information should be met according 
to the physiologic and psychologic periods of growth. 
Instruction should not arouse morbid curiosity. Ana- 
tomic, physiologic, and pathologic material should be 
used sparingly. The instruction should be given in very 
short courses or in a single lecture ; it is best given as part 
of a series of general health lectures or studies. 

As to methods, the instruction should center upon the 
parents, as they are the natural teachers of their chil- 
dren. In the case of other adults, instruction may be 
given to groups selected with reference to occupation, or 
common interest and natural association, such as indus- 
trial workers, college students, clerks, etc. 

For boys, if lacking parents or neglected by them, in- 
struction is best given through personal interview by 
wise and careful men in whom they will have full confi- 
dence. It may also properly be given to small groups or 
classes, of similar intelligence and graded with reference 
to physiological age. A special series of talks by a recog- 
nized authority has proved very helpful. 

Sex hygiene literature may be distributed under certain 
restrictions, such as previous preparation of the person 
or group and with a definite time stated for its return. 
All such literature should be selected with great care, 
and it should be strictly non-transferable. Putting such 
literature into the hands of pre-pubescent boys is of very 
questionable propriety, and it should be given to pubes- 
cent boys with great caution. 

Community Hygiene 

The work in community hygiene will include instruc- 
tion in sanitation — both indoor and outdoor. Through 
public lectures, well-written articles in the daily press, 



140 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

and the distribution of attractive and illustrative leaflets, 
public opinion regarding matters of household and com- 
munity health may be enlightened and elevated. 

To aid in starting and conducting a health campaign 
material may be obtained from various sources : state 
and city health boards ; such organizations as anti-tuber- 
culosis societies, municipal research and moral prophy- 
laxis societies and other welfare agencies ; libraries, in- 
cluding their bibliographies ; school boards, information 
regarding illness and absence of pupils; literature of in- 
surance companies ; certain documents issued by the na- 
tional government. 

Material so gathered should be used in informing the 
local society or club undertaking the v^^ork of community 
publicity, furnishing ammunition for the use of home lec- 
turers, newspaper writers, and for those charged with 
editing any leaflet or pamphlet literature for general dis- 
tribution. 

The topics presented should be those adapted to the 
local needs; ordinarily their scope would include, above 
and beyond the hygienic care of the houses, yards, and 
outbuildings of the residential sections, and buildings and 
environment in the business and industrial parts of the 
city, such general subjects as street cleaning, sewage, 
public water supply, markets, milk, and other food sup- 
plies ; also, sanitation of public buildings and street 
cars, building laws regarding light, air, and density of 
population, the location of parks, public baths, and recre- 
ation centers. 

In the prosecution of such a campaign the stereopticon 
or the ^* movies " might be employed with excellent eflfect. 



DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 141 

Program of Religious Education and Work 

A fundamental aim of the Young Men's Christian As- 
sociation is to study the life problems and religious needs 
of young men and boys, and having ascertained these 
attempt, directly or indirectly, to supply such as are not 
being otherwise met. A leading feature of the Physical 
Department should be the doing of this work in its own 
peculiar sphere, a sphere broad in its scope and elastic in 
its adaptability. The Physical Department, in its intimate 
and continuous contact with its members, has large oppor- 
tunities, with correspondingly large responsibilities. The 
reHgious work of the Department is the one feature that 
distinguishes it from all other physical training agencies. 

A program for definite religious work must be in- 
cluded in the Physical Department policy of every As- 
sociation. It should be in harmony and coordinate with 
that of the religious work department, and a special com- 
mittee should be appointed to cooperate with it in pro- 
moting the departmental religious activities. The pro- 
gram may be under three heads: (i) Bible classes; (2) 
religious meetings; (3) individual or personal work. 

I. Bible Classes 

The first consideration in any class is its leadership and 
this is especially true of the Bible class. The teacher 
should be one who is known and respected in the Depart- 
ment. He should be familiar with the relation between 
health, clean living, and the religious life. Another im- 
portant factor in the success of the class will be its organ- 
ization. A strong chairman and a committee on pub- 
licity are essential. The social spirit should receive 
strong emphasis. 

In many Associations- Bible classes can be organized 



142 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

in natural groups, the courses and the hours being 
adapted to the needs of those attending. Members quali- 
fied to pursue advanced Bible study should be referred 
to the regular courses of the Association. Religious edu- 
cational work, such as life-problem courses, should have 
a moral and religious application. 

Because of the close relationship between the physical 
and spiritual natures of the adolescent boy, and because 
of the vital importance of this period in his life from 
the viewpoint of religious education, it is urged that 
evangelistic Bible study be specially promoted among 
such boys with the view to obtaining definite decisions 
for the acceptance of Jesus Christ as Saviour and Lord. 

2. Religious Meetings 

As a rule, the influence of the Department should be 
used to promote the regular religious gatherings of the 
Association rather than to conduct such as a Department 
feature. The criticism that the physical work is being 
used as a trap to force men into religious meetings should 
be studiously avoided ; at the same time, the religious 
emphasis should be given to all the work and the mem- 
bership should feel that the closest sympathy and co- 
operation exists between the Physical Department execu- 
tives and those of the religious work department. 

When religious meetings are held on the gymnasium 
floor, they should be announced in advance, and if held 
in connection with a gymnasium class they should be at 
its beginning or close, so that the members may have 
the choice of attending or not, and the men should have 
opportunity to don proper clothing so as not to jeopard- 
ize health. Regular definite periods may be arranged 



DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 143 

for conducting religious meetings, but they should not 
be allowed to interfere with the use of the equipment by 
other members. It is better to use a room adjoining the 
gymnasium or one easily accessible to it. The men who 
conduct these meetings should be conversant and in sym- 
pathy with the aims and spirit of the Department. 

In cooperation with the religious work department, 
special meetings may be arranged for gymnasium men on 
occasions such as : Week of Prayer, Easter Week, and 
Join-the-Church Day. 

3. Work with the Individual 

Plans for touching the religious life of the members 
are not complete without adequate provision being made 
for reaching them through personal contact. This can 
be accomplished by a tactful method of personal inter- 
views, conducted either at the time of the physical ex- 
amination or through special appointments. These in- 
terviews may be undertaken by the physical director or 
by competent volunteer workers. 

Each physical director must work out a plan which 
will best fit in with the local program, and which can be 
efficiently carried out. Cut and dried methods cannot 
be successful but the following suggestions are given as 
a working basis: First, all the information possible 
should be secured which will give an intelligent estimate 
of the man's activities, needs, and possibilities — whether 
he is a church member, his affiliations with other organ- 
izations, his business position and standing. Much of 
this will be found on his application blank and Physical 
Department questionnaire. This material should all be 
in the hands of the interviewer before he meets the mem- 



144 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

ber. Second, a committee of strong, virile men should 
be organized, the members of which will agree to give 
definite periods for this work. 

This committee should be thoroughly trained for this 
special service and have definitely in mind the object of 
the interview, namely that of establishing contact with 
the incoming member, securing his interest, and advis- 
ing with him about his needs in his business, social, and 
religious relations. His physical needs should be taken 
care of by the physical director. Every effort should be 
made to secure his sympathy with the supreme objective 
of the Association. If he is not a Christian he should 
be the subject of earnest, tactful, and continuous effort. 
It is questionable if a personal interview is possible or 
even advisable with all incoming members. Due allow- 
ance must be made for religious beliefs, business and 
professional standing. In any plan the approach must 
not seem obtrusive, and the member ought to be led to 
feel that it will be a privilege to meet a man who will 
be competent to advise with him on matters about which 
he may be troubled, be they business, social, or religious. 

Extension Work Program 

The extension work program must be the outgrowth of 
a strong internal program and should cooperate wnth 
agencies already in the field so far as possible, in lines 
of clearly defined need, and may include the entire As- 
sociation program of health education, physical training, 
and play activities. 

Facts gathered from the study of any field will best 
determine the policy to pursue in extension efforts. The 
usual logical beginning is to organize a special class to 
train men for work with general organizations. Such 



DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 145 

training may be given to members who are preparing to 
leach the extension features and also to men from 
churches and clubs that may wish to send representatives 
to the Association for instruction as leaders in their own 
organizations. 

The work of this class should cover principles and 
methods of dealing with boys and men, class drills, rules 
governing athletics and games, and other general topics. 
Either in this class or in another group a school to train 
officials for meets and contests is well worth undertaking. 

I. Extension Work within the Building 

The Association gymnasium may be used at stated in- 
tervals for high school games, Sunday school athletic 
leagues, commercial leagues, industrial leagues, and the 
like. 

Often arrangements can be made with churches or 
high schools by which boys and young men are sent en 
masse to the Association for class or athletic instruction, 
a special fee or lump sum agreed upon being paid for this 
service. 

The bowling alleys are often rented to the same groups 
as the above for league tournaments, thus placing such 
activities under wholesome auspices and affording a 
wholesome basis for contact. City restrictions regarding 
tax exemptions, however, should be carefully observed. 

Frequently the Association has the only swimming pool 
in the city and it affords a valuable aid in ministering 
to different groups in the community. Public swimming 
campaigns can be conducted in which the natatorium is 
thrown open to the public for a week or two. Sometimes 
an arrangement can be made to teach swimming to pub- 
lic school students, aquatic meets for hight school students 



14IS PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

may be held, and often special instruction given to groups 
of municipal employes such as firemen, policemen, and 
swimming bath attendants. 

The Association in many communities bears an active 
relation to the athletics of the community, both in the 
holding of athletic meets in the gymnasium and through 
the activities on the Association's grounds, where ath- 
letic meets, baseball games, tournaments, and other 
forms of outdoor sports are provided or organized. 
Tennis courts may be made available through organized 
tournaments and through a relationship established with 
the churches, schools, and business houses. 

Lecture courses on health subjects in the building may 
make the Association a center for health information and 
education. Caution should be exercised in all extension 
work that the privileges of the members are not cur- 
tailed, or that by the free use of privileges by non-mem- 
bers the membership is not underrated. The members' 
interests must be protected. 

2. Extension Work outside the Building 

Among the types of service open to Associations and 
likely to win the confidence of the people of a community 
are the following: 

A cooperative and supplemental relation to the public 
schools in pioneering the development of physical edu- 
cation and medical examinations of school children, in the 
organization and direction of public school athletic 
leagues, in taking responsibility for securing Christian 
leadership of physical education in the schools, and in 
accepting direction of recess periods and athletic meets. 
A cooperative relation to public recreation by creating 



I 



i 



DEPARTMENT PROGRAM 147 

sentiment for playgrounds, by teaching the value of 
playgrounds through actual demonstration, by enlisting 
the cooperation of men in securing legislation, by giving 
counsel in reference to the construction and equipment of 
playgrounds, by providing the supervision or undertaking 
the actual management of public playgrounds. 

A cooperative relation to the Sunday schools and 
churches, by providing trained leaders to direct physical 
work in churches, or by training church leaders in the 
Association gymnasium; by organizing Sunday school 
athletic leagues through which summer camps, athletic 
meets, physical tests, first aid classes and physical educa- 
tion may be promoted by the churches. 

A relation to the municipality through civil service 
classes for city employes, physical training for police- 
men and firemen, and the supervision of civic meets, 
celebrations, and pageants. 

The promotion of health education in shops, factories, 
department stores, first aid classes for employes, public 
lectures on health and eugenics, campaigns in sex educa- 
tion, preparation of courses of study, and organization 
of classes in public hygiene. 

Promotion of industrial athletic leagues, gymnasium 
classes, and swimming and life-saving instruction for 
employed boys. 

The federation of the permanent institutions of the 
community, such as schools, churches, settlements, play- 
grounds, and turners, in reference to the administration 
of athletics, by which the sports of an entire city or 
county may be placed upon a basis through which char- 
acter and manhood will be developed. 

Investigation, education, and cooperative eflforts in be- 



148 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

half of better housing, and Hving, and working conditioiib 
of the men and boys, especially in industrial communi- 
ties. 

There is no limit to the possible service which may be 
rendered in a given field except the limit of the ability 
of the Physical Department committee, their acquaintance 
with the needs of the community, and the confidence in 
which they are held. 



CHAPTER VII 
THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 

Physical Training has become in the last few years, a 
profession ranking with the other great professions of 
law, medicine, and the Christian ministry. The physical 
director, in character, ability, and training must measure 
up to the standards of his profession if he is to be suc- 
cessful. The day has passed when the broken-down ath- 
lete or gymnast, the unsuccessful physician or minister 
can hope to hold a place in this great work. Twenty to 
thirty-five per cent of the men who enter the physical 
work of the Young Men's Christian Association leave it 
within two years. The greater proportion of these do 
so because of insufficient training or insufficient knowledge 
of the qualifications demanded. 

Physical directors in the field are largely responsible 
for this condition and have been all too ready in ad- 
vising members of Leaders' Corps and others to enter 
this profession without due consideration of their quali- 
fications to fill this office. Any one considering this pro- 
fession as a life work should carefully study both the 
qualifications demanded and the opportunities for service 
which it offers. 

Men already in the work would do well to examine 
themselves and judge whether or not in the light of the 
increased demand for men of the highest character, abil- 
ity, and technical training they can reasonably expect to 
succeed. 

149 



150 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

Many men who might succeed in other fields of physical 
training will fail in the Association work because of its 
peculiar demands. 

His Qualifications 

The following qualifications necessary to success in the 
Physical Department of the Young Men's Christian As- 
sociation were laid down by a Commission of which 
L. Wilbur Messer was chairman : 

1. Christian character and religious leadership. 

2. Executive ability. 

3. Cultural and technical training. 

4. Attractive personality. 

5. Athletic and gymnastic ability. 

6. Business ability. 

I. Christian Character and Religious Leadership 

The physical director should be a man of unques- 
tioned Christian character and spiritual vision; what- 
ever else we may require in the way of equipment, this is 
primary and fundamental and without this no man ought 
to find a place as an employed officer of the Young Men's 
Christian Association. He should be a man with large 
faith in God, in himself, and in his f ellowmen — a man 
of whole-hearted devotion, of deep and growing spiritual 
life, the quality of which will be contagious. He should 
be a man whose interest is in men and boys rather than 
things. This interest should be concrete and directed 
toward the individual, rather than simply general and 
related to mass activities. 

He should be a man of positive religious leadership. 
Any other type is not only a negative element in Asso- 
ciation work, but may be a distinct menace. Religious 



THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 151 

leadership is the one thing that will be permanently dis- 
tinctive of the Association physical directorship, and un- 
less men enter into it with the primary purpose of render- 
ing definite Christian and religious service to men and 
boys and choose it because of the opportunity it afifords 
for religious leadership, we cannot exipect them to be 
permanently successful or to be willing to make the 
sacrifices necessarily entailed in our work. To the man 
interested simply in physical education as such, other 
agencies can offer inducements that will sooner or later 
win him away from us. This fact in itself is a safe- 
guard of the peculiar quality of our work. 

Physical training in the Young Men's Christian Asso- 
ciation is more comprehensive in its scope than physical 
training in any other agency; other forms of physical 
training, as in schools, colleges, or on playgrounds, while 
important, are, nevertheless, only specialized phases of 
that subject. Association physical training includes them 
all and therefore in its objective the Association physical 
directorship ofifers the broadest opportunity, including 
especially and specifically an opportunity to grow in re- 
ligious work efficiency. 

2. Executive Ability 

The physical directorship demands men of promotive 
and executive ability in organizing and effectively leading 
a volunteer and employed stafif. Ability is needed to or- 
ganize and lead the young men and boys of the commun- 
ity during their leisure time into normal physical activi- 
ties and altruistic religious service. Executive ability 
becomes of increasing value as the size and scope of our 
physical work increases, as the field of volunteer service 
enlarges, and as the correlation of all the activities of 



152 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

the Association into a unified whole of religious education 
progresses. There will probably always be need of men 
who are simply gymnastic or athletic instructors (neces- 
sarily young men) but no man without recognized execu- 
tive ability can safely expect the physical directorship to 
be a life work. 

3. Cultural and Technical Training 

The physical director should have as good an educa- 
tional training and as great a degree of general culture 
as any other employed officer in the Association. He 
should have at least a high school education or its equiva- 
lent, and if possible a college training. His training 
should be broad and fundamental in bodily culture, in 
social relationships, in intellectual breadth and clarity of 
vision, and in spiritual insight and sympathy with indi- 
viduals and groups. His social education should teach 
him the personal social graces which adorn attractive per- 
sonality in private and public life. The biological, social, 
and psychological sciences should be emphasized in his 
intellectual training. The demand is for those who know 
men's interests and can guide their activities along nor- 
mal lines. 

In addition to this, he should not only have a thorough 
technical training which should embody the ability to 
lead or direct the various physical activities, but he 
should be thoroughly equipped with a knowledge of the 
scope, principles, and methods of physical education and 
a knowledge of Association ideals, history, principles, and 
methods of work. His technical training and general 
culture should be such as to make him an inspiration and 
example to the men and boys among whom he works. 

The broadest education would include also a medical 



THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 153 

course, but skill as a physician has become subordinate 
to a man's ability as a teacher, organizer, and promoter. 
The trend during the last ten years has been toward a 
greater emphasis on the combination of the cultural and 
technical rather than on the medical training. The 
largest positions in the Associations and the educational 
institutions are open to men without medical training. 

In his religious training, he should study to know 
man in his relationship to God and to men. His instincts, 
will, and intellect should be trained to appreciate the 
unity of man, body, mind, and spirit. His study should 
reveal God's high purpose regarding man, and stimulate 
a religious passion and fervor for the bringing of men 
to a personal acceptance of Jesus Christ and a consecrated 
life in his service. His training should include actual 
observation of work in progress and clinical practice in 
working out the problems during his course of training. 
This should include clinical practice in religious, social, 
and physical activities. 

We recommend such technical instruction as is given 
in the training schools and in summer institutes of the 
Association, and advise that Associations make it possible 
for physical directors to attend frequently conventions, 
conferences, and summer schools. The director of 
physical education should possess as high qualifications 
of personality, general culture, and religious earnestness 
as are required for the general secretaryship, or any 
other branch of Association vocation. 

4. Attractive Personality 

The physical director should be a man of strong 
character and contagious enthusiasm, with good physique, 
neat appearance, frank countenance, gentlemanly man- 
ners, self-respect, without apparent egotism and with 



154 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

abounding ability for friendship, a man whose attractive 
personality makes others glad to be in his presence and 
rejoice to be associated with him in service. 

5. Athletic and Gymnastic Ability 

His body should be organically sound. Its training 
should develop both subjective and objective control 
along gymnastic, athletic, and esthetic lines. Power, 
pose, skill, and grace should result from his training. 

Athletic and gymnastic ability is an essential qualifica- 
tion of a physical director. Particularly is this true as he 
comes into contact with boys and younger men. He 
should not only be able to judge athletic and gymnastic 
events, but he should have the faculty of teaching and 
be able creditably to demonstrate the average event to the 
average member. 

6. Business Ability 

It is inevitable that physical directors, as well as other 
department heads should desire to have the responsibility 
for the business management of their departments. 
Such responsibility is likely to result in a greater sense of 
responsibility in all phases of their work and the exercise 
of a greater degree of initiative. *' But before such re- 
sponsibility can be safely entrusted to a Physical Director, 
he must be possessed of a good sense of commercial 
values, good business judgment and caution and a fair 
knowledge of ordinary business practice." Business 
ability is a quality that deserves more attention than it 
now receives both in the selecting of and training of 
men for the physical directorship. 

His Development 

This has to do with the mental and spiritual culture of 



THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR I55 

the physical director after he has entered the work. It 
may not be amiss to preface the statement with a few 
words in reference to the care of his own health, for 
there are directors whose physical condition gives the lie 
to the profession they represent. The physical director 
must in his own life represent the things he stands for 
in the community. 

The desire to grow in efficiency must necessarily be in 
the heart of every man who has within himself to any 
degree the elements of success. There is no short cut 
to growth and development, neither can these be attained 
without an objective and some kind of a program of pro- 
cedure. Three things are necessary. 

1. The realization that continuous growth is necessary 
for continuous efficiency. The physical director who 
does not grow must give place to the one who will ; other- 
wise he becomes an obstacle to progress. 

2. There must be a large vision of his profession. 
This alone will give courage and inspiration. It is vision 
which makes possible a constructive program in the life 
of any individual. " Where there is no vision, the people 
perish.*' 

3. The adoption of a schedule or system of training. 
Such a program should contain the following items : 

Reading. This may be grouped as follows : 
(i) General, such as fiction, poetry, and history. 
Good fiction portrays the various phases of life of the 
times in which it was written, introduces bits of history, 
illustrates eflfective methods of expression, and the best 
use of language in general. Poetry appeals to the esthetic 
sense, develops the power of imagination, and presents 
ideals. History recalls the past, points out its lessons, 
and in a measure forecasts the future, because it indicates 



156 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

what may reasonably be expected under similar condi- 
tions. 

(2) Technical. This should at least include general 
biology, organic evolution, sociology, anatomy, physiol- 
ogy, psychology of exercise, hygiene and sanitation, and 
philosophy of physical education. It is highly desirable 
that the physical director secure for his own library the 
best books on these various technical subjects. Informa- 
tion concerning the best literature may be obtained from 
bibliographies and book references in the physical educa- 
tion magazines and from teachers, physicians, and libra- 
rians. 

While books on fiction, poetry, and history are very 
helpful for general culture, those books which have to 
do with the problems of physical education and of the con- 
servation of health are absolutely essential for the physi- 
cal director's specific development, for these deal directly 
with his work. A man in any of the older professions, 
who wishes to keep posted, must study constantly. This 
is even more true of the younger profession of physical 
education which is still in its plastic and changing state. 
Every physical director should be encouraged by his As- 
sociation to pursue a definite line of reading. In the ap- 
pendix a suggestive graded course in reading is pre- 
sented. 

Attendance upon Conferences and Conventions. 
There is nothing that helps to broaden one's viewpoint 
so much as contact with other men and their ideas. 
Simply studying the problems in one's own small field 
carries with it the danger of narrowness and provincial- 
ism. Like solitary confinement, it leads to monotony, 
which kills ambition. A man not only gets new ideas 
at conferences, but more than that, he catches the spirit 



THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 157 

of the times and gets an appreciation of the bigness of 
the movement of which he is a part and is therefore in- 
spired to do better and bigger things. 

Every Association should encourage the physical di- 
rector to go to at least one conference a year. Some 
Associations not only do this, but also pay the conference 
expenses of their physical director, making regular pro- 
vision for it in the budget of the Department. Money 
spent in this way will bring large returns to the Associa- 
tion through the increased efificiency of the physical di- 
rector as a result of his contact with men and his new 
viewpoints. 

Attendance upon Summer Schools, It would seem 
almost unnecessary to mention the place of summer 
schools in the life of a growing Association man. How- 
ever, it might be well to recall the fact that the summer 
schools bring together students from all parts of the 
country and expert instructors who bring to the students 
the best as well as the newest thought on any given sub- 
ject. One of the most valuable features of a summer 
school is the contact with men who have come from other 
sections of the country. Here friendships are formed 
and ideas exchanged which are almost as valuable as the 
knowledge gained in the classroom. 

Every physical director should plan to attend a summer 
school at least two weeks every third year. This ad- 
vice is not merely for the younger and newer men in 
the work. For advanced and experienced men special 
seminar courses in advanced subjects are prepared. 

It is gratifying to note that some Associations are 
planning to have their physical director do this and 
all should do so. Furthermore, some Associations are 
planning to adopt the policy of paying part or all of 



158 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

the physical director's expenses at such a summer 
school. This is very desirable. The time spent at such 
a school should not be taken out of the physical director's 
vacation, but the time thus spent should rather be re- 
garded just as other educational institutions regard the 
sabbatical year, during which the instructors are given 
leave of absence with pay for study. 

Study of Physical Education as a Movement, There 
is nothing so conducive to growth as a thorough study of 
the profession in which one is engaged. The physical 
director would find it broadening and stimulating if he 
undertook a study of the physical work as conducted 
under the auspices of various organizations, such as set- 
tlements, churches, playgrounds, athletic clubs, turners, 
schools, and colleges and to note where the emphasis is 
being placed and the results produced. He should dis- 
cern the trend of physical education in these agencies, 
noting how and why they are departing from earlier 
methods and adopting new ones. 

Physical education is more and more relating itself to 
the problems of efficiency, both mental and moral. Phys- 
ical directors are more and more concerning themselves 
with conditions and habits of life which make for or 
against efficiency, and are therefore rapidly emerging 
from the class of mere athletic coaches. The physical 
directors are no longer merely concerned with gymnastic 
and athletic activities, but are interested in the study of 
such subjects as dietetics, fatigue, the relation between 
fatigue and morality, health and efficiency, as well as 
the physical basis of industrial, social, and educational 
problems. 

In no profession is there greater progress being made 



THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 159 

or a more rapid shift of emphasis occurring than in physi- 
cal education. For example, witness the shift of empha- 
sis in physical examinations from bone and muscle 
measurements to the examination of eyes, ears, nose, 
throat, teeth, and vital organs ; from the emphasis upon 
the development of muscles to the development of or- 
ganic vigor ; from the teaching of athletic and gymnastic 
stunts to the teaching of right-living habits. Physical 
education stands for prevention rather than cure; for 
formation rather than reformation; for conservation 
rather than restoration. Because of these changing em- 
phases the physical director must be a student of his 
time. 

Practice in Public Speech, Most physical directors 
have opportunity upon occasion in schools and churches 
and at conferences and conventions to present addresses 
and papers upon topics of health, recreation, and exer- 
cise. Such opportunities should not be neglected, as 
they are of educational value. They exalt the director's 
standing in the community and in his profession, develop 
his power to think and marshal facts in orderly and ef- 
fective fashion, and facilitate his efficiency in public 
speech and address. The writing of articles for news- 
papers and magazines is also very helpful, and should 
be undertaken both from the standpoint of the good such 
articles will do and for the development which will come 
to the physical director through this kind of work. 

Committee Work, Another very helpful means for 
development is committee service in connection with local 
societies, as the Society of Physical Education, Parents' 
and Teachers' Association, Anti-Tuberculosis Society, 
Playground Association, and the like, and also in con- 



i6o PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

nection with such national societies as the Physical Di- 
rectors' Society of North America and the American 
Physical Education Society. 

Committees represent the harnessed energy of any 
organization and most work is done by committees. Com- 
mittee work develops the spirit of cooperation, the power 
to bring things to pass, and offers oportunities for render- 
ing service. It is taken for granted, therefore, that every 
physical director will relate himself very intimately, 
especially as a member, to local state and national move- 
ments which deal with the problems of hygiene, physical 
education, and sanitation. 

Research Work. There is nothing that will stimulate 
the mind and induce intellectual growth more than the 
undertaking of a bit of research work, no matter how 
insignificant it may appear. Important and interesting 
research work can be conducted with very little or no 
laboratory apparatus. It is well for a physical director 
to study some one phase of his work intensively, be it 
technical, social, or executive. Every physical director, 
of course, should study his own field thoroughly, for only 
an intimate knowledge of it will enable him adequately to 
meet its needs. 

Study of the Association Movement as a Whole. The 
physical director should be familiar with the history, tra- 
ditions, and policy of the Association Movement. He 
should know something of the army, navy, student, in- 
dustrial, county, as well as the city work, of the Asso- 
ciation. 

Furthermore, he should acquaint himself with the work 
and organization of the International and State commit- 
tees and the relation of these agencies to each other and 
to the city and other forms of Association work. 



THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR i6i 

His Relationships 

To the Physical Department Committee 

The work of a local Association is controlled by a 
Board of Directors, of which the general secretary is 
the executive officer. From or by this Board different 
committees are appointed to have direct oversight over 
the various departments of the work. 

One of these is the Physical Department committee, 
the executive officer of which is the physical director. 
All legislative details of the Physical Department are un- 
der the control of this committee. The promotion of 
the various activities may be under the direction of sub- 
committees. They look to the physical director to pre- 
pare plans to meet the needs of the membership, to con- 
duct the business affairs of the Department, and to keep 
them in touch with its activities. They rely on his 
knowledge of the theory and practice of Physical De- 
partment methods to recommend and carry out a prac- 
tical and scientific system of physical training, and on 
his ability as an organizer of the forces resident in the 
membership to promote the physical welfare of young 
men. Through this committee, therefore, the physical 
director is brought into direct relationship with the Board 
of Directors. 

To the General Secretary 

What is the relationship of the physical director to the 
general secretary? This depends for its answer on the 
acceptance of three propositions: First, the general sec- 
retary is the executive officer of the Board of Directors 
and is an ex-officio member of all its committees. He 
is the one whom the directors hold responsible for the 
success of the work as a whole. He is to the Associ- 



i62 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

ation what the working president is to a college or large 
corporation. Results are the criteria of his success, and 
failure to achieve them is not put down so much to the 
failure of the department heads as to improper manage- 
ment on his part. Second, the general secretary is also 
the correlator of the work; the one who must keep the 
departments in their right relationship to one another. 
He is the adjuster of the various activities of the Associ- 
ation, the bond which binds all departments into one har- 
monious whole. Third, the physical director is an ex- 
pert, employed to take charge of a department. He is, 
therefore, to the secretary what the superintendent or 
consulting engineer is to a president. His work is the 
work of an expert, and he must be looked upon as such. 
Admitting this, the relationship of the two ofificers is 
plain. All policies of the Physical Department which 
bear on the work as a whole are properly subject to the 
advice and approval of the general secretary, while tech- 
nical matters in organization and operation of the Depart- 
ment are under the control of the physical director work- 
ing as the executive officer of the Physical Department 
committee. 

To Other Departments 

The relationship which the physical director bears to 
the other departments is one of sympathetic cooperation. 

1. He should cooperate with the educational director in 
planning classes in hygiene, first aid to the injured, and 
other topics which bear on the physical welfare of young 
men. 

2. In conjunction with the religious work director he 
should plan for the extension of the religious work 
throughout the Department ; and he should not only be in 



THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 163 

sympathy with, but should take an active part in, the 
conduct of this important work of the Association. 

3. In the social features of the Association he should 
always be ready to cooperate in any way in which he, as a 
department head, may be able. 

4. To the boys' department he should bear the same re- 
lationship as he does to the general work, and the physical 
welfare of the boys should be under his control. Such a 
large part of the Boys' Work activities is more or less 
closely related to the special phases of work also included 
under the direction of the Physical Department, that 
there is need for particularly intimate cooperation be- 
tween the Physical Department committee of the Asso- 
ciation and the boys' division committee, in determining 
the policy and initiating and promoting physical work as 
related to the boys, in the Department and in the com- 
munity. All matters pertaining to both departments 
should be adjusted by the committees and heads of these 
departments in conference with the general secretary. 

While no amount of rules or regulations will make up 
for a lack of frank and friendly cooperation, the follow- 
ing are suggested as a few guiding principles : 

a. The Boys' Work secretary is primarily responsible 
for the general administration of the boys' division, of 
the membership and the correlation of the various phases 
of the work for the all-round development of the boy. 

b. The physical director is responsible for the physical 
examinations and the amount and character of physical 
work done for the various classes of boys in the Associa- 
tion and in the community. The arrangement and sched- 
ule of classes in the gymnasium and swimming pool, and 
the methods for discipline and control of the locker rooms 
and the baths, should be arranged in joint conference. 



i64 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

Such matters as Boy Scout work, sex education, and 
health education should be under the joint supervision of 
the Boys' Work secretary and the physical director. 

c. It is important that the physical director give care- 
ful consideration to all phases of physical work for boys 
and, even if he has one or more assistants, he should con- 
tinue his close personal relation by working out a compre- 
hensive and adequate policy of physical education for 
boys. He should personally lead many important physical 
activities for boys. 

d. The direction of the various physical activities 
should be placed only in the hands of competent assist- 
ants, specially trained and qualified to work with boys. 

e. The standard of physical education for boys will 
be raised by the enlisting of trained physical directors, 
who shall devote all of their time to study and promotion 
of work with boys. 

Such a boys' physical director would sustain a dual rela- 
tion to the Boys' Work committee and the Physical De- 
partment committee, working under the direct super- 
vision of the Boys' Work committee and the Boys' Work 
secretary in harmony with the policy determined jointly 
by the two committees. He would be under the direct 
supervision of the Physical Department committee and 
the physical director in reference to matters relating di- 
rectly to the physical education of boys. 

To Finances of the Association 

His relation to the finances diflfers in various Associa- 
tions. Some hold the physical director, with his commit- 
tee, responsible for raising the entire amount of the 
Physical Department budget. This may in some in- 
stances prove a serious hindrance to his usefulness to the 



THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 165 

membership, as his efforts may be looked upon as having 
a mercenary basis, and, further, the worry and thought 
given to the raising of funds may interfere with his best 
efforts in the regular work of the Department. 

The entire responsibility for the budget does not pre- 
vail in most places. A growing number of Associations 
now plan the raising of the entire Association budget in a 
very limited period of time, and the physical director and 
his committee usually cooperate in the canvass. The 
physical director should always be ready, no matter what 
the plan, to suggest ways and means toward helping to 
bear the financial burden, and to suggest names of those 
who would be good material for financial cultivation and 
help to cultivate the same. 

To the General Work 

The attitude of the physical director to the work at 
large should be one of cordial support. The welfare of 
all the members should be his chief consideration and all 
department partisanship should be set aside for the good 
of the whole. 

To Department Clubs and Committees 

In his own Department the physical director, under the 
Physical Department committee, is the organizer and di- 
rector of all its activities. The various branches of the 
work are usually organized either in the form of clubs 
or under the supervision of committees. Whichever 
form of organization may be decided upon, the physical 
director should be in direct control and an ex-officio 
member of every committee in the Department, and be 
present at all of their meetings. 

His relationship to these committees should be ad- 
visory, never dictatorial, and in the formation of them he 



i66 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

should assist in the selection of such men as are in sym- 
pathy with the general policy of the Association, so that 
the welfare of the membership as a whole will control 
in all matters of sectional interest. The interest of the 
entire membership should always be kept in mind. The 
action of all clubs and committees should be subject to 
the approval of the Physical Department committee, and 
by this means the physical director can maintain an ef- 
ficient check on all their activities. 

To Associates 

His relationship to those associated with him in the 
work, as assistants, should be one of helpfulness and 
support. As far as possible they should be given direct 
responsibility for various features of the work and should 
be encouraged to develop the qualities of leadership. His 
relationship to the members of the Association should 
be one of recognized friendship, and he should hold the 
position of adviser on all matters pertaining to their 
physical welfare. His time, as far as possible, should be 
at their disposal, and every member should be made to 
feel that he will always be given a sympathetic hearing 
on any matter of importance. 

To Outside Agencies 

His relationship to the physical welfare movement out- 
side of the Association membership depends largely upon 
the community in which he is placed. He should bear a 
sympathetic and cooperative relation to all organized 
movements which have for their object the physical wel- 
fare of young men. If he is situated in a field where no 
such organizations exist he should consider it his duty to 
lead in their creation. These welfare movements can 
usually be better handled by independent organizations 



THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 167 

with which the Association works in hearty cooperation. 

His relations to church, settlement, playground and 
school athletic activities should be cooperative and ad- 
visory, and he should rely upon leaders in the commun- 
ity for the executive force in organizing and carrying out 
the work in these institutions. 

His relationship to the community at large should be 
that of a specialist on all matters pertaining to their 
physical welfare. The physical director should always 
keep in mind that his first duty is to the Association, and 
should never allow outside calls on his time to interfere 
with the efficient administration of his Department. 

The following on " The Physical Director and His 
Community Work " was prepared by the Commission re- 
ferred to: 

To serve a field intelligently, the physical director 
should know the traditions of the community as well as 
its institutions and the leaders thereof. He should ap- 
prehend the prevailing sentiment, whether progressive or 
conser\^ative, the general character of the community in 
its composition, also the prevailing sports and pastimes as 
well as the status of physical education and health educa- 
tion in the community. Such a knowledge requires resi- 
dence in a local field for an extended period. The Asso- 
ciations which have accomplished the most thorough and 
permanent results are those in which the physical director 
has remained for a long period of years. He is recog- 
nized as a factor in community betterment. Among the 
types of service open to men who secure the confidence of 
the people of a community are the following : 

A cooperative and supplemental relation to the public 
schools in pioneering the development of physical educa- 
tion and medical examinations of school children, in the 
organization and direction of public school athletic 
leagues, in taking responsibility for securing Christian 



i68 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

leadership of physical education in the schools and in 
accepting direction of recess periods and athletic meets. 

A cooperative relation to public recreation by creating 
sentiment for playgrounds, by indicating the value of 
playgrounds through clinical demonstration, by enHsting 
the cooperation of men in securing public action, by giving 
counsel in reference to the construction and equipment of 
playgrounds, by providing the supervision or undertaking 
the actual management. 

A cooperative relation to the Sunday schools and 
churches, by providing trained leaders to direct physical 
work in churches, or by training church leaders in the As- 
sociation gymnasium ; by organizing Sunday school ath- 
letic leagues through which summer camps, athletic meets, 
physical tests, first aid classes and physical education may 
be promoted in the churches. 

A relation to pubHc service through special civil service 
classes for city employes, physical training for policemen 
and firemen, and through the supervision of civic meets, 
celebrations, and pageants. 

The promotion of health education in ships, factories, 
department stores, first aid classes for employes, public 
lectures on health and eugenics, campaigns in sex educa- 
tion, preparation of courses of study, and organization 
of classes in public hygiene. 

Promotion of industrial athletic leagues and gym- 
nasium classes for employed boys. The promotion of 
swimming and life saving. 

The federation of the permanent institutions of the 
community, such as schools, churches, settlements, play- 
grounds, and turners, in reference to the administration 
of athletic sports, by which the sports of an entire city or 
county are placed upon a basis through which character 
and manhood will be developed. 

Investigation, education and cooperative eflforts in 
behalf of better housing, living, and working conditions 
among the men and boys, especially in industrial com- 
munities. 

There is no limit to the possible service in a given field 



THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 169 

except the limit of the abiHty of the physical director, his 
acquaintance with the needs of the community and the 
confidence in which he is held. These qualities are nor- 
mally all enhanced by long residence in a single locality. 
Length of residence, continuous study of complex prob- 
lems, the forming of many friendships, and the cultiva- 
tion of leadership provide an acquaintance with the needs, 
confidence in one's ability, maturity of judgment, and 
efficiency in service. 

The Organization of the Physical Director's Time 

(from the Messer Report) 
Many have held in times past that Association work 
is fatiguing, that most employed officers overwork and 
that many actually break down because of the excessive 
demands made upon them incident to the requirements 
of their office. This may be true of some men, but on 
the other hand, many more do not meet with this experi- 
ence. While it is true that unrestrained enthusiasm may 
lead to underestimation of physical limitation and indis- 
cretion with reference to ample time for rest and recrea- 
tion, resulting in overfatigue, there is nothing necessarily 
in the requirements of the office itself which need be over- 
burdensome. There is nothing in the Association work 
in general, or in the physical directorship in particular 
which demands excessive strain or effort. Many indi- 
viduals use up nervous energy needlessly. Fatigue re- 
sults not from overwork, but from a failure to rightly set 
up and organize work. Those physical directors whose 
time is properly organized, whose efforts are limited to a 
moderate working day, who place responsibility upon 
volunteers and who have a systematic schedule of rest and 
recreation, will find their work not overtaxing or burden- 
some. Associations should protect their physical direc- 



I70 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

tors in this respect and insist that a proper schedule be 
observed. In an increasing number of Associations this 
is being done. This has resulted in the increased personal 
efficiency and growth of the physical director as well as 
in the general development of the work. Physical direc- 
tors owe it to themselves and to their work to so arrange 
their time as to provide for personal growth and develop- 
ment and they further owe it to their families to maintain 
wholesome home relationships. Where men are over- 
taxed, there is a joint responsibility for proper adjust- 
ment of the working schedule between the Association 
and the man himself. 

The following schedules are suggestive of a normal 
program — the first in operation in one of the larger As- 
sociations, in- which the men work forty-nine hours a 
week, alternating the schedule so that where three men 
are employed at least two of them are always on duty, and 
usually three of them during the rush hours : 

A. M. 

Monday 9-1 

Tuesday 8-1 

Wednesday 

Thursday 9-1 

Friday 9-1 

Saturday 

49 

The following schedule has worked fairly well in a 
smaller Association where only a secretary and physical 
director are employed. This schedule entails a working 
week of fifty hours. Part of the season a boy was em- 
ployed for a few hours each day, at $4 a week, to help in 
taking charge of the reading room and some minor 
duties. 



P.M. 


Evening 


Hours 


2- 6 




8 


.... 


6-10 


9 


I- 5 


6-10 


8 


2-6 




8 




6-10 


8 


I- 5 


6-10 


8 



THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 171 

SECRETARY 

A. M. P. M. Evening Hours 

Monday 12-6 7-10 9 

Tuesday g-12 6-10 8 

Wednesday 9-12 1-6 .... 8 

Thursday .... 12-6 7-10 9 

Friday 9-1 6-10 8 

Saturday 9-12 1-6 8 

50 

PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 

A. M. P. M. Evening Hours 

Monday 9-12 1-6 8 

Tuesday 12-6 7-10 9 

Wednesday 9-1 6-10 8 

Thursday gH-12 1-5 8 

Friday I2- 6 7-10 9 

Saturday 9-1 6-10 8 

50 

Local circumstances may make these particular sched- 
ules seem inexpedient in some cases, but the following 
general principles should always be adhered to : 

1. Reasonable number of hours per week. 

2. Not too many hours in any one day. 

3. Leisure arranged in sufficiently large blocks to per- 

mit best use of time for study and recreation. 

Beginning in a New Field 

Wherever it is possible, it is wise for a physical direc- 
tor to be on the ground one or two months before the 
season's work opens. During this period he should be- 
come acquainted with his fellow-workers on the staff, the 
members of the Physical Department committee, the 
Leaders' Corps, and other committeemen, and as many 
of the general membership as possible. It is essential to 
know the past work of the Department and where prac- 
ticable to build upon it. As far as possible in this limited 
time, information should be secured of the physical work 



1/2 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

in the educational institutions, churches, settlements, and 
clubs in the community and the relationship that exists 
between them and the Association. 

Upon the foregoing facts the policy and plans for the 
Department can be outlined. The physical director 
should avoid criticism of the work of his predecessor, in- 
troduce changes in methods only after being convinced 
that they are improvements, boast little, and make few 
extravagant promises. Too much should not be attempted 
at first. It is a good plan to start with doing a few things 
w^ell and gradually broadening and enlarging the scope of 
the work. If there is no Leaders' Corps, it is not wise to 
organize a corps formally until the men are well enough 
known to avoid mistakes in selection. It should be re- 
membered that the physical director is one of the part- 
ners in the Association firm, and as such should fit his 
w^ork into the general work, with special reference to 
the local policy. The selection of his church home and 
place of residence should be determined with reference to 
his position as an Association leader. The selection of 
his church home should not be delayed beyond two 
months. 

Resignation and Application for a Change 

Frequent changes are detrimental to both the physical 
director and the Association. When considering the 
matter of resigning the physical director should discuss 
frankly the reasons for such action with the general sec- 
retary or president and the Department committee. Suf- 
ficient notice should be given to enable the Association to 
meet the situation. It is decidedly advantageous in most 
instances to remain in a position not less than three to five 
years. Some conditions which may warrant a change 



THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 173 

are : difference of opinion in matters of policy, ill health, 
inability to fill the office, a call to a place of larger service, 
a completed work. 

It is customary for the purpose of record to present a 
resignation in brief written form. Public discussion of 
the reasons for leaving should be avoided. All the affairs 
of the Department should be left in such order that the 
succeeding officer can take up the work expeditiously. 
When a change is decided upon and another field has not 
been accepted, the method of procedure is to notify the 
State office and the physical and secretarial departments 
of the International Committee. 

Before a new field is accepted the conditions which 
prevail should be ascertained as accurately as possible, so 
as to avoid later disappointment and misunderstanding. 
There should be a clear understanding as to the character 
and extent of the responsibilities of the position to be 
filled, so as to insure efficient team work in Christian 
service. Advance understanding may well be had in ref- 
erence to attendance upon conferences, conventions, sum- 
mxer schools, vacation period, and the like. A written 
memorandum of the conditions under which a call is 
accepted is desirable. 

It is a matter of recognized Association courtesy for 
employed offxers when corresponding regarding the pos- 
sible changes of a physical director to a new field always 
to communicate at the same time with both the physical 
director and the general secretary involved in the change. 



174 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 



CODE OF BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL ETH- 
ICS FOR THE PHYSICAL DIRECTORS OF 
THE YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSO- 
CIATIONS OF NORTH AMERICA 

(Adopted by the Physical Directors' Society, Columbus, 
Ohio, June 5, 191 1) 

Inasmuch as this society may be regarded as represent- 
ing the physical directors in the Young Men's Christian 
Association of North America, it is entirely fitting that 
the organization should endeavor by all reasonable means 
not only to encourage and promote practical and technical 
efficiency, but also to emphasize the importance of schol- 
arship, to elevate the moral tone, and to stimulate con- 
secration to service on the part of its members. 

In this connection a more or less definitely formulated 
statement of principles and practices accepted by the so- 
ciety will have a valuable educational influence not only 
upon those already members of the profession, but espe- 
cially upon those younger men just entering the profession 
and not familiar with the standards which actuate the life 
and conduct of the director in his professional capacity. 
The following statements are therefore submitted as 
guides in this connection : 

1. Personal character and motive. The physical direc- 
tor should be a man of upright and Christian character, 
whose purpose is to use his personal influence and that 
of his office for the service of humanity and the upbuild- 
ing of God's Kingdom. 

2. Relationships, a. To the Association employing 
him. Every director should have as a joint memoran- 



THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR i75 

dum and for mutual understanding, a definite agreement 
with the committee supervising the work of the Physical 
Department, specifying not only salary, vacations, and 
other general matters, but also outlining specifically his 
duties, hours of service, assistance provided, ordering of 
supplies, responsibility to whom, and such other details as 
may be peculiar to any particular field. He should then 
in a spirit of Christian service and in hearty cooperation 
with other employed officers do more than is called for 
in the letter of the agreement. 

Any work done or time spent by the director apart 
from his regular duties as agreed upon, and for which 
he receives money or any value consideration, should be 
done with the knowledge and consent of the Association 
employing him. 

It is not regarded as wise for directors to act as agents 
for or receive commissions from the sale or recommenda- 
tions of gymnasium supplies, athletic and sporting goods, 
etc., and directors are cautioned as to their procedure in 
the matter of accepting samples of goods used in connec- 
tion with their work, of giving testimonials concerning 
same, etc., since injudicious procedure in these particu- 
lars may result in undesirable complications. 

b. To fellow-directors and the profession. Every di- 
rector entering the profession thereby incurs an obliga- 
tion to uphold its dignity and honor, to promote its 
scholarship and efficiency, to elevate the moral tone, to 
cooperate heartily in the collection and compilation of 
useful material in the formulation, adoption and propa- 
ganda of principles and regulations for the benefit of the 
profession. Recognized business procedure and courte- 
ous consideration of requests should be strictly observed 
as matters of honor, e.g., in prompt attendance to corre- 



176 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

spondence, payment of dues, or other personal obliga- 
tions. 

Organized conferences, institutes, conventions, etc., 
should receive his active support and be made instru- 
mental for the cultivation of fellowship, the exchange of 
experience, the advancement of scientific and practical 
knowledge, and the maintenance of ethical standards. 

The spirit of the relationship between directors or As- 
sociations in competition as defined in the platform of 
the Athletic League of the Young Men's Christian Asso- 
ciation of North America and contained in its handbook 
is hereby endorsed. 

c. To those seeking his professional or personal advice. 
Confidential information secured in the examining room 
or from those seeking advice should be guarded with the 
most scrupulous fidelity and honor, and the obligation to 
secrecy should extend to even the privacy of individual or 
domestic life, provided, however, that this does not 
preclude the taking of proper measures for the protection 
of individuals or institutions. 

d. To the medical profession. The director's relation 
to practicing physicians should be that of hearty coopera- 
tion in all matters where the two professions have com- 
mon interest ; for example, public health, instruction in 
personal hygiene and sanitation, etc. 

The director who is not a graduate in medicine, or 
who is not practicing medicine, upon finding a member in 
need of medical advice should first advise the applicant to 
consult his own family physician. In case the member 
has no family physician the director should advise him 
to consult a responsible practitioner. It is suggested that 
each director have a list of these men who are most ef- 
ficient, and preferably Christian physicians, to whom he 



THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 177 

will send members for professional consultation. This 
list may with profit include general practitioners and 
specialists, such as surgeons, nerve specialists, specialists 
on eye, ear, nose, and foot, and whatever others his experi- 
ence may indicate. 

e. To the public. The director should exemplify in his 
relations to the public the essentials of Christian charac- 
ter in the keeping of appointments, in his general deport- 
ment, in the promptness with which he meets business ob- 
ligations, and in the interest which he takes in matters 
relating to general public welfare. 

f. To the church. Each director should unite himself 
with and participate actively in the work of the local 
church of his choice. 



CHAPTER VIII 

AMATEUR ATHLETICS AND THEIR 
ADMINISTRATION 

One of the most troublesome and important problems 
confronting a physical director is that of maintaining a 
true amateur spirit among the members of the Associa- 
tion; especially those competing with members of other 
organizations that do not hold the Association viewpoint. 

In the stress of competition the temptation to lower 
standards is a real test of a physical director's fitness as a 
leader in character building. Victory is so often made 
the criterion of success that the more important benefits 
of competition are forgotten. Therefore, a physical di- 
rector should have a very clear definition of just what is 
meant by amateur athletics and be thoroughly in sym- 
pathy with the spirit of the following statements by Dr. 
John Brown, Jr., presented to and accepted by the Ath- 
letic Research Society: 

Definition of an Amateur Athlete 

" An amateur athlete is one who participates in competi- 
tive physical sports only for the pleasure, and the phys- 
ical, mental, moral, and social benefits directly derived 
therefrom." 

The Spirit of Amateurism 

" The spirit of amateurism carries with it all that is in- 
cluded in the definition of an amateur and much more. 

** The spirit of amateurism stands for a high sense of 
honor, honesty, fair play, courtesy, and temperate living 
on the part of the participants — hosts or guests — of- 
ficials and spectators. It stoops to no petty technicalities 



AMATEUR ATHLETICS AND ADMINISTRATION 179 

to twist or avoid the rules or to take an unfair advantage 
of opponents. 

'* It implies a recognition of the marked influence of 
athletics in developing organic vigor, physical fitness, in- 
tellectual efficiency, moral qualities, and social habits. 
It seeks to increase their value by exalting the standards 
of all sports. 

" It is opposed to all practices which are harmful to in- 
dividuals or to amateur athletics in general, such as play- 
ing for money or gain of any kind, betting, selling prizes, 
proselyting, over-specialization of * star performers ' to 
the exclusion of the ' rank and file/ etc. 

" It recognizes the need of wise organization and super- 
vision of athletics and cooperates in making these effi- 
cient." 

Every physical director should be familiar not only 
with the organi2^ations governing athletics within the 
Association, but also with the various organizations which 
control athletics in other fields. The following study 
by Dr. Geo. J. Fisher, somewhat condensed, was pre- 
sented at the Annual Conference of the Physical Re- 
search Society and presents the matter fully: 

Athletic Administrative Bodies; Their Points of Re- 
semblance and Difference 

In surveying the field one finds at least the following 
types of administrative bodies or organizations : 

First, Local. This in turn is of two types: First, a 
local organization in a single institution — social or edu- 
cational — in which only the members of the institution 
participate. This requires the simplest form of adminis- 
tration, for as a rule the problems of amateurism are not 
considered. All members of the institution are eligible 
to compete; they compete only with each other, and do 
not compete with any other institution. 

The second type of local organization is that in which 



i8o PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

the institution competes with other institutions. This 
immediately alters the situation and a more complex 
form of athletic administration is required. Now, the 
problems of eligibility, amateurism, number of games to 
be played, expenses for traveling, relations with other 
institutions and usually with a national or at least sec- 
tional governing body, are involved. This local type of 
organization is the unit of all athletic administration. 

Second, Community. Next to the local we have the 
community form of organization. This again may be a 
more or less simple form of organization, or it may be 
quite comprehensive. In the simple form we may find 
a group of agencies in a city or county or district organ- 
ized simply for the purpose of promoting a league in 
some given sport like basket ball or baseball. This 
league ceases when the series of games originally agreed 
upon have been completed. Rules are arranged to gov- 
ern the competition simply during a short period. 

A second type of community organization is one that 
is becoming quite common throughout the United States, 
namely, a league composed of groups of organizations 
similar in kind, such as a group of Sunday schools or- 
ganized into a Sunday School Athletic League. This 
kind of organization is usually permanent and in its most 
approved form endeavors to direct all the athletics of 
the institutions in its membership. This latter point is 
one of its strongest features. Inasmuch as in this form 
of administration institutions similar in kind are fed- 
erated, the problem of administration is still relatively 
simple. Such leagues may be independent. leagues with- 
out relation to any higher athletic administrative body, 
or they may be members of the Amateur Athletic Union 
through a special dispensation of that body by which 
such leagues, no matter how many local units there may 
be in them become members of the Amateur Athletic 
Union with freedom to the local units in such leagues 
to compete with each other without the necessity of regis- 
tration of the local athletes which is required where in- 
dividual units become members. Just as soon, however, 
as one of the units in the league desires to compete with 



AMATEUR ATHLETICS AND ADMINISTRATION t8i 

an institution outside the league, registration in the 
Amateur Athletic Union is required, and such outside 
competition is limited to A. A. U. organizations. This 
form of federation of institutions similar in kind is some- 
times permitted by the A. A. U. in a much more widely 
extended form, extending beyond the local community 
and including in one instance the Young Men's Christian 
Associations of two states. The advantage of this form 
of organization is that it is an advance over the plan of 
individual membership in the A. A. U., as it dispenses 
with the restrictions and annoyances of individual regis- 
trations, which have never been popular, and recognizes 
the desirability of having institutions similar in kind 
closely related to each other. Some freedom in refer- 
ence to legislation is permitted these leagues, but in the 
main they must conform to the rules of the A. A. U. 

The third type of community organization is, however, 
far more independent and extensive. It is also per- 
manent. It seeks to bring together in a mutual way all 
agencies of a given community which should have or 
do have athletic relations to each other. In recent years 
this form of organization has become popular. We find 
it in many instances including the churches. Young Men's 
Christian Associations, Turner organizations, high 
schools and playgrounds of a county, as in Cook County, 
Illinois, Wayne County, Michigan, or St. Joseph County, 
Indiana. A large number of such federations is limited 
to a single city or community, for in many cases the 
athletic administrative problem is a city or community 
problem. With the rise of so many institutions in the 
past few years which have entered into competitive play 
it has been necessary, in order to establish standards of 
amateurism and maintain them, to federate these 
agencies and unite them upon some common platform. 
Some of these organizations, unlike the colleges and the 
Young Men's Christian Associations, do not have trained 
physical directors to supervise their sports; hence the 
need of close supervision through some form of athletic 
administration that will have for its function not only 
legislation, but education and promotion. When such an 



i82 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

administrative body is organized upon the basis of equal 
representation such supervision is not resented, but wel- 
comed. Another advantage of this form of organization 
is that it is related to the administration of all sports 
conducted by the several agencies included in the fed- 
eration. One of the weaknesses of athletic administra- 
tive bodies in the United States is that they limit their 
jurisdiction to a few special sports. 

Third, Special Sport. A third type of athletic ad- 
ministration is that which pertains to some special sport 
and which seeks to regulate and advance interest in such 
sport. These are usually national or sectional in their 
supervision and include special organization in such 
sports as soccer football, ice hockey, skating, fencing, 
golf, tennis, etc. 

The advantages in such forms of administration are 
that they create interest in the promotion of the respective 
sports thus organized, bring together the devotees of such 
sports, promote study and investigation and specific codes 
of ethics. Some sports lend themselves more readily to 
the development of high standards of conduct, as, for 
illustration, in fencing, in which the highest ethical 
standards of any sport prevail, and in tennis, which does 
not involve the personal conduct of the players as is the 
case in the team games. 

These forms of administration, at least when applied 
to the more popular sports, have certain disadvantages 
when applied to a local organization which promotes sev- 
eral such sports. This is a complaint frequently heard 
in Canada where this form of organization prevails quite 
extensively. Let us take, for illustration, a local college 
or Young Men's Christian Association that desires to 
compete in track athletics, ice hockey, and soccer foot- 
ball. If each of these sports is administered by a na- 
tional organization, each with its own standards, mem- 
bership fees, and forms of legislation, confusion, or at 
least complexity, results. The institutions would need 
to unite with three administrative bodies. An athlete 
may participate in several of these sports and be related 
to as many national athletic administrative bodies. We 



AMATEUR ATHLETICS AND ADMINISTRATION 183 

find a most undesirable aspect developing in that country 
where each of these bodies desires to establish different 
standards in reference to amateurism. In the United 
States we do not find a very close relation existing be- 
tween the administrative bodies which regulate such spe- 
cial forms of administration and those which are related 
to the administration of track and field sports, Rugby 
football, basket ball and swimming. This is a weakness 
in our national athletic administration. 

Fourth, Institutional. A fourth type of athletic ad- 
ministration is found in the institutional forms. These 
consist in organizations of colleges or Young Men's 
Christian Associations or Turner organizations and are 
usually national or sectional in scope. There is a second 
grouping of institutions, such as churches, playgrounds, 
and Scout organizations, which make competitive sport a 
lesser part of their program than the former, but which 
nevertheless are important factors in the play life of the 
youth and need to be taken into consideration increas- 
ingly as factors in standardizing sport. The advantages 
of these institutional forms of athletic administration are 
the following: 

1. They have problems in common. 

2. Athletics are but one aspect of a larger work. 

3. Athletics, therefore, need to conform in principle 
and standard to the educational — as in the colleges — 
or the religious — as in the Young Men's Christian As- 
sociations — standards of the institution. 

4. Hence, colleges have eligibility and scholastic stand- 
ards and Young Men's Christian Associations certain 
specific character standards which are unique in these 
institutions. 

5. Such standards are best formulated by those within 
these institutions. 

6. Regular meetings are held throughout the year, 
through conferences and conventions, which facilitate the 
getting together of representatives of these institutions 
for the discussion of their problems, which includes 
the discussion of athletics. 

This form of athletic administration has potentially 



i84 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

great advantages and in the history of athletic adminis- 
tration has been a strong force in developing ideals and 
in raising standards. This is particularly true in the col- 
leges, the Turner organizations and the Young Men's 
Christian Associations. 

Fifth, National. A fifth type of administration is 
found in the so-called national form of organization, as, 
for illustration, in the Amateur Athletic Union. This 
is organized upon the following plan. Any local organ- 
ization, large or small, permanent or temporary, may 
become a member of this body. These local organiza- 
tions are part of a sectional or geographical group, such 
as the Central Section, or the New England Section. 
Each local unit has a vote in this section, which section 
is known as an active member of the national body. 
Meetings are held only annually and are largely political 
and legislative. These active members have representa- 
tion in the national governing board on the following 
basis. Each active member, which may be composed of 
a minimum of six local clubs, has one vote and one addi- 
tional vote for each additional twenty-five clubs. 

In addition the national body provides for allied mem- 
bers which are organizations of the institutional type, 
such as colleges and Young Men's Christian Associa- 
tions and Turners, and of the '' special interest " type, 
such as the National Skaters' Association and the Na- 
tional Fencers' Association. These allied bodies have 
a disproportionate representation in the governing board, 
and have each only one vote, irrespective of the number of 
units represented in them. 

Inasmuch as this study is intended as a sur\^ey of ath- 
letic administration from a national point of view and 
from the point of view as to how existing national agen- 
cies are related to the local athletic units and how these 
national agencies are related to each other, we will con- 
centrate our analysis upon the last two types — the in- 
stitutional and the national — the former constituting in 
particular the colleges, the Young Men's Christian Asso- 
ciations, and the Turner organizations ; the latter, the 
Amateur Athletic Union; for these are the more highly 



AMATEUR ATHLETICS AND ADMINISTRATION 185' 

organized, and endeavor to hold an administrative, if not 
in all instances a legislative, relation to the members of 
their constituency. 

NORTH AMERICAN TURNERBUND 

This organization promotes a great gymnastic and 
athletic festival every five years and rules are made to 
govern the participation of individuals in this notable 
event. The Turners have no special rules to govern 
competition with other organizations, though they have 
an alliance with the Amateur Athletic Union which regu- 
lates their athletes when they engage in A.A.U. games. 
All contestants for prizes must engage in the parade and 
mass exercises, as well as the athletic or gymnastic 
events. The emphasis, therefore, is upon all-round exer- 
cise rather than upon specialization. The. prizes are in- 
significant in value. A professional, according to the 
Turners' ruling, is one who earns his livelihood by any 
particular sport ; for instance, if he is a professional 
wrestler he cannot compete in wrestling contests. If he 
is a teacher of fencing he cannot compete in fencing 
contests. This, however, does not disqualify him from 
competing in other gymnastic events ; the stand taken 
being if a man perfects himself in one particular line 
of sport he should not compete with others in this par- 
ticular sport. A teacher, therefore, is not classed as a 
professional. This ruling represents a radical depart- 
ure from the stand taken by other organizations. 

COLLEGES 

The colleges have several administrative bodies, in- 
cluding the National Collegiate Athletic Association of 
the United States, which is becoming more and more the 
truly national body ; the LA. A. A. A. wh/ich is composed 
of a group of Eastern colleges, about twenty-eight in 
number, and is designed in particular to govern track and 
field sports and cross-country runs ; the Southern Inter- 
collegiate Athletic Association, composed of twenty-five 
members, which, as its name implies, is related to the 
colleges of the South; the Western Conference, com- 



i86 PHYSICAL EDUCATION . 

posed of nine of the largest colleges in the middle west, 
and the Ohio Conference, made up of fifteen colleges, 
including some of the colleges in the Western Confer- 
ence. In addition to these there are other groupings. 
Quite a wide difference exists in the method of adminis- 
tration practiced by these bodies. 

In the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the 
agency with the widest and strongest influence, no man- 
datory power is held over its constituency. It does not 
seek to wield legislative power. '' Its discussions of ath- 
letics are the most important in America, and its opinions 
find expression in Rules Committees and in standards 
of athletic games throughout the country." The Asso- 
ciation encourages faculty control in athletics. No 
statement of eligibility is required of its members, though 
a minimum statement of desirable rules for a local mem- 
ber is suggested. The home rule principle prevails. 

The Western and Ohio conferences practically have 
rules that are similar to each. These conferences differ 
from the National Collegiate Athletic Association in that 
they require adherence to prescribed rules and require 
the individual athlete to subscribe to an amateur state- 
ment and take drastic action against the individuals and 
institutions violating them. 

The I.A.A.A.A. seeks to promote solely intercol- 
legiate track and field sports and cross-country runs. It, 
too, promotes athletic legislation and takes responsibility 
for enforcing its laws. Its relation to its constituency is 
mandatory rather than advisory. It applies its legisla- 
tion to the individual athlete and will take action against 
him if he violates the rules. 

Thus, we see a decided difference between the method 
of administration used by the National Collegiate Ath- 
letic Association and the I.A.A.A.A., or the Western 
Conference. The national Association is advisory, non- 
legislative. The other groups are mandatory and legis- 
lative. The national organization believes in home rule. 
The other organizations in centralized rule. The former 
places chief responsibility upon the institution for carry- 
ing out the rules. The latter upon the individual. This 



AMATEUR ATHLETICS AND ADMINISTRATION 187 

is a clear distinction which should be kept in mind and 
which will be referred to again. 

THE AMATEUR ATHLETIC UNION 

This organization is legislative and mandatory and 
the most highly centralized of all the athletic administra- 
tive bodies in the United States. It is unique in that it 
makes as its unit the individual athlete. Any athlete 
may become identified with it, whether related to a local 
organization or not. A fundamental element in its plan 
of administration is the individual registration of athletes 
and the official sanction for open games. Each athlete 
must sign an amateur statement and pay a fee for regis- 
tration. Open games are not permitted by any agen- 
cies unless sanctioned by the A.A.U. and unless athletes 
are registered. All agencies other than those with which 
special alliances have been made are considered outlaws. 
The national body alone reserves the right to reinstate 
athletes who have unknowingly professionalized them- 
selves. Registration is practically national. An ath- 
lete is suspended by the A.A.U. without consultation with 
the local organization with which he may be identified. 
The athlete is the unit of organization rather than the 
institution of which he is a member. The athlete, rather 
than the institution is held responsible for the athlete's 
conduct. An institution may be in good standing though 
a number of the athletes in that institution may have 
violated the amateur law. 

This organization is most efficient in promoting and in 
having promoted great national, sectional, and local ath- 
letic meets. This practice gives it its greatest strength 
and popularity. It claims jurisdiction over track and 
field sports, gymnastics, basket ball, handball, swimming, 
wrestling, and boxing, and makes rules for these events. 

THE ATHLETIC LEAGUE OF NORTH AMERICA 

The Athletic League of North America is the athletic 
administrative body of the Young Men's Christian Asso- 
ciation. For many years it was allied with the Amateur 
Athletic Union, adopting its plan of registration and 



i88 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

sanction and practically its form of legislation. This 
alliance was a happy one until changes took place in the 
work of the Young Men's Christian Association, par- 
ticularly when it entered into social service work and 
sought to have relations with other agencies upon a less 
highly specialized basis. In many isolated and smaller 
communities a more simple form of athletic organization 
was needed with considerable opportunity for home rule 
and initiative which could not be secured under the exist- 
ing alliance. In addition, in some of the larger com- 
munities, notably Chicago, a different type of administra- 
tion was worked out which demanded a different kind of 
relation to the local units by the national body. Conse- 
quently this alliance was discontinued in July, 191 1. 

Then began in the A. L.N. A. a very complete change 
in the form of administration. Individual registration 
and sanctions for games were discontinued. The organ- 
ization was completely decentralized; even the name of 
the Governing Committee was changed to Executive 
Committee, to more fully define its function, which be- 
came largely educational and promotional rather than 
legislative. Home rule was inaugurated. The honor sys- 
tem was installed. Emphasis was placed upon intra- 
mural sport. The amateur definition was restated in 
positive rather than negative terms. A platform of high 
ethical standards is the basis of membership. This is 
subscribed by the representatives of the organization. 
The organization is held responsible rather than the indi- 
vidual. A Young Men's Christian Association in the 
League. It may also plan any organization having a 
reputable governing body or any individual club that will 
subscribe to a statement of amateurism equal to that of 
the platform of the Athletic League. Thus competition 
is made very simple, but none the less wholesome. 

Let us now review after this cursory and general de- 
scription of these bodies how they have points in com- 
mon and how they differ. First, however, let us state 
what the outstanding elements are zvhich are common to 
all these organizations. These seem to be at least the 
following: 



AMATEUR ATHLETICS AND ADMINISTRATION 189 

1. An amateur definition. 

2. Eligibility rules. 

3. A method for holding their members to the observ- 
ance of the rules. 

4. Athletic rules. 

5. A basis of representation for their members. 

6. Certain promotional activities. 

Under these six divisions what have the agencies in 
common ? To shorten the list let us make this inquiry of 
the following four agencies : the Amateur Athletic 
Union, Athletic League of North America, National Col- 
legiate Athletic Association, and North American Turner- 
bund, because they represent four types of organization, 
different kinds of agencies, and are national in their ad- 
ministration. 

First, all have an amateur definition, statement, or 
law. This statement does not differ much in its declara- 
tion of what constitutes an amateur. 

All the administrative bodies agree upon the following: 
That a professional is one who competes for money or 
receives compensation for his skill in teaching athletics; 
who enters competition under an assumed name or from 
a club which is not in good standing ; who competes with 
professionals or against professionals — except when an 
all-amateur team competes with an all-professional team ; 
w^ho pawns or sells a prize won in competition; who re- 
ceives expenses above the actual outlay. 

In addition the A.A.U. states the limit which should 
be paid for expenses and for prizes, makes ineligible 
those who compete with unregistered athletes, and those 
who have any financial indebtedness to the club of which 
they are or were members. 

The A.L.N. A. has the same general definition, but in 
addition to the negative definition of an amateur it has a 
positive definition which is stated in the following terse 
terms : 

" An amateur athlete is one who participates in com- 
petitive gymnastics or athletics for pleasure only and for 
the physical, mental, moral, and social benefits directly 
derived therefrom, A professional in athletics is a per* 



190 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

son who promotes or participates in gymnastics or ath- 
letics for any other purpose than the above." 

It differs also in its attitude toward the teacher of 
gymnastics or athletics. Such an individual is called a 
non-competing amateur and is eligible for reinstatement 
when he ceases as a teacher. 

The National Collegiate Athletic Association does not 
differ from the general statement of amateurism. 

The North American Turnerbund differs in one re- 
spect — namely, that teachers of physical education are 
not considered professional except in the particular sport 
in which they may specialize. 

In these exceptions in reference to the teacher of gym- 
nastics which prevail in the A. L.N. A. and in the Turner- 
bund, the motive does not seem to be the evasion of the 
amateur law, but a more just application of it. To in- 
flict a life sentence upon an individual who may have 
taught simply for a season, as is done by the A.A.U., 
does not seem by many to be justified, particularly as he 
is not a true professional in the sense that he has received 
money for competing. 

The second common factor of these organizations is a 
declaration upon eligibility, but in the statement of which 
they differ necessarily according to the differences inher- 
ent in the institutions which are involved. The A.A.U. 
and the National Collegiate Athletic Association are fair 
examples. 

The A.A.U. requires that an athlete must be a bona 
fide resident in the territory in which he competes for 
four months. He cannot compete in a district champion- 
ship unless he has been a resident six months. He can- 
not compete for another organization for a year unless 
the club has disbanded, except that he can compete un- 
attached. 

The National Collegiate Athletic Association approves 
and stands for the special eligibility rules adopted by the 
several college administrative bodies. These include 
rules forbidding an athlete to compete unless he be a 
bona fide undergraduate student, doing full work in a 
regular or special course as defined in the curriculum of 



AMATEUR ATHLETICS AND ADMINISTRATION igi 

his college ; requiring attendance in college for one full 
collegiate year; forbidding competition for more than 
three years ; refusing participation if the athlete is de- 
linquent in his studies. 

We find here in the rules of these two bodies wide 
variation. It indicates the strength and desirability of 
the organization of athletic administrative bodies along 
institutional lines. There are • factors involved in the 
relation of an individual to the institution or organization 
that he represents that have a bearing upon amateurism. 
Eligibility and amateurism are closely related; in fact, 
the former is an essential part of the latter. 

Furthermore, these eligibility rules are an important 
factor in relating athletics in an educational institution to 
the work of education; in a religious institution to its 
work of religious education, and in a social organization 
to its work of developing social ethics in relation to its 
own constituency. 

Institutional athletic administrative bodies are most 
important forms of administration. Such bodies know 
most intimately the needs and are best qualified to de- 
velop the special rules needed. 

A third common factor is the method used by the ad- 
ministrative bodies for holding their members to the ob- 
servance of the rides. Here we find the widest diver- 
gence among the several types of organizations. 

The Amateur Athletic Union utilizes an individual 
registration system. It takes the responsibility for issu- 
ing cards to individuals, thus declaring them eligible to 
compete. All competition is based upon this system. 
The purpose is to limit competition to members of A.A.U. 
organizations and to prevent individuals from competing 
without consent of the club. However, an unclassified 
individual, an unattached individual, may register. The 
institution is not held responsible. Some institutions 
regularly have individuals suspended, but are not them- 
selves suspended. Naturally, by this system the re- 
sponsibility for detecting violations is placed upon the 
A.A.U. This has become in many places a police sys- 
tem. Teams will play with other teams provided the 



192 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

members thereof are registered. Men will register in 
order to play other teams. The athletes seem to have 
little sense of obligation to see that the fundamental prin- 
ciple involved is protected. They put it up to the ad- 
ministrative body to discover error and enforce the rule. 

The A. L.N. A. This same registration plan was ef- 
fective for many years in the A. L.N. A. It always was a 
difficult method to promote and was exceedingly unsatis- 
factory. It was a method the very nature of which made 
for debate. After years of faithful endeavor with this 
method it was discontinued. Responsibility was shifted 
from the individual to the institution back of the indi- 
vidual. The honor system was substituted for the police 
system. The results seem to have justified the change. 

The National Collegiate Athletic Association. The 
colleges have adopted the honor system. Particularly is 
this true of the National Association. No body has ex- 
erted a more profound influence upon college athletics 
and yet it is not legislative. It makes pronouncements 
of great ethical principles and holds the local unit respon- 
sible for carrying them out in practice. It is the prin- 
ciple of home rule, the principle of honor. 

The Tumerbund has a history in the management of 
its aflfairs which is commendable. Because of the lack 
of intricate legislative machinery, because of the absence 
of prizes of value, their large athletic meets are remark- 
ably free from debate, protest, and discussion. Their 
local organizations pay their own way to these meets and 
hence simple rules are necessary to guide their affairs. 

A fourth common factor is the practice of making rides 
for the conduct of sport. All of these agencies make 
rules. This makes for confusion. Within the colleges 
alone there are different sets of rules on swimming and 
track athletics. They have, however, come together on 
basket ball and football. A further unification of rules 
is desirable. We find a very desirable tendency in the 
matter of standardizing rules in the recent coming to- 
gether of the Young Men's Christian Associations, the 
colleges, and the Amateur Athletic Union on the rules of 
basket ball and volley ball. These rules are better than 



AMATEUR ATHLETICS AND ADMINISTRATION 193 

ever, more widely understood, and there is greater democ- 
racy practiced in framing them. It would seem desir- 
able that all the rules of the colleges should be made 
through the subcommittees of the National Collegiate 
Athletic Association. It would seem that the work now 
done by the I.A.A.A.A. could be done preferably by a 
committee on track athletics and cross-country running. 
It would result in wider usage of the rules. There seems 
to be confusion in the minds of the public in reference to 
the relative function of these two bodies, and, in fact, 
there is considerable overlapping. In addition to the 
colleges the A.A.U. makes rules with reference to track 
and field sports, gymnastics, wrestling, swimming, walk- 
ing, and boxing. Their rules apply in all A.A.U. games, 
in which frequently representatives from colleges and 
other institutions take part. The opportunities for con- 
fusion are very apparent. This was evidenced when 
there were two sets of rules for basket ball. 

A fifth common factor is a basis for representation of 
their members. Here, as has already been indicated, 
there is wide difference in method. In the A.A.U. the 
governing body is made up of representatives from sec- 
tional groups and from allied members. The former on 
the basis of the number of individual units, the latter 
representing groups, irrespective of number. The basis 
of representation is not equal. The two types of mem- 
bers can hardly be compared. As was stated before, the 
allied members are included for advisory rather than 
governmental purposes. Representation is not upon the 
basis of equality or federation. A study of the alliances 
made by the A.A.U. with its allied groups reveals that 
each of these alliances is different. First, as to type 
of organizations. Some are of national — as illustrated 
by the North American Gymnastic Union — others of 
purely sectional scope, as illustrated by the Military Ath- 
letic League. Some are institutional, as the I.A.A. 
A. A.; others are agencies dealing with a distinct sport, 
such as the National Cycling Association. Some of the 
alliances obligate the allied bodies to follow distinctly 
the form of organization of the A.A.U. This was par- 



194 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

ticularly true of the alliance of the A. L.N. A. Some 
allow very wide departures from the A.A.U. rules, as 
illustrated by the rule of the Turners which admits teach- 
ers in competition. Some alliances simply provide for 
the government of athletes from the allied body when 
they compete in A.A.U. games ; others provide for a co- 
operative relation in athletic meets where both open and 
closed events prevail, as in the alliance with the Mili- 
tary Athletic League, where some events are held under 
the A.A.U. rules and others under the Military Athletic 
League. Some alliances, as, for illustration, the alliance 
with the Cycling Association, place the control of all 
cycling events under the control of the National Cycling 
Association. 

The National Collegiate Athletic Association gives its 
members equal representation. It puts up to the institu- 
tion the responsibility for carrying out the principles and 
rules of the organization. 

The A.L.N.A. has its members agree to an amateur 
platform and then applies the home rule principle advo- 
cating the organization of local federations of organiza- 
tions different in kind, permitting the local unit to engage 
in associated effort under its own rules within the terms 
of the platform. 

In addition to the several types of athletic administra- 
tive bodies already mentioned in another section of this 
book there are two additonal types that have come into 
relation to amateur athletics within very recent times. 
One, the National Federated Committee, is made up of 
official representatives from more than a dozen prominent 
and potentially strong national organizations which are 
federated upon a platform of amateurism. During the 
past year this organization has taken on a practical de- 
velopment resulting in the bringing together of three in- 
fluential bodies — the National Collegiate Athletic Asso- 
ciation, the A.A.U. and the A.L.N.A. — on basket ball 
rules. This, we believe, is the prophecy of a greater 
practical federated effort and the germ, if you please, of 
a possible National Federation. The strength of this 
organization is that it has back of it the pronouncements 



AMATEUR ATHLETICS AND ADMINISTRATION 195 

and counsels of the Athletic Research Society, progress- 
ing as scientific discussion and study point the way, thus 
insuring progress on right lines. A second type of ath- 
letic administration is that represented by the Interna- 
tional Amateur Athletic Federation. This seeks to 
standardize international athletics made necessary by the 
growth of interest in the Olympic games. The A.A.U. 
of this country is a member of this federation and be- 
cause of this membership is making radical changes in 
some of its athletic rules. It is interesting to note that 
this federation includes a positive statement in its defini- 
tion of an amateur. It also allows for considerable home 
rule. 

SUMMARY 

1. Home rule and institutional responsibility are the 
latest developments in athletic administration. 

2. Individual registration and individual responsibility 
have proven ineffective and are undesirable. 

3. Institutional athletic administrative bodies are ex- 
ceedingly important types and constitute effective forms 
of administration. 

4. It is highly desirable that the colleges of the country 
unite on one set of rules for each standard sport. 

5. The local or community federation of athletic or- 
ganizations dififering in type is proving of excellent value 
in regulating sports in the community. 

6. It is highly desirable that some national organiza- 
tion be perfected which would have in it the following 
elements : 

a. It would be formed of groups of organizations. In 
other words, it would be a federation of institutional 
groups. 

b. These groups would be united by an agreement upon 
an amateur platform. 

c. Responsibility for carrying out the principles of 
amateurism would rest with the institutional groups. 

d. There would be rules committees on all standard 
sports. 

e. The individual organizations represented in the in- 



196 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

stitutional groups of the National Federation would be 
privileged to unite in local, county, state, or district 
federations. 

7. Inasmuch as the UViited States is having and will 
continue to have relations with other countries through 
international federations, it is desirable that this country 
should be represented by some national athletic adminis- 
trative body that is truly representative. 

8. Of the present organizations which might be con- 
sidered best fitted potentially to represent the United 
States, both nationally and internationally, we would 
consider two: 

The Amateur Athletic Union. 

The National Federated Committee. 

The A.A.U. This organization in part recognizes 
some of the elements which have been suggested as be- 
ing essential to a national organization. It recognizes in 
part the grouping of organizations by institutions, both 
in its local members and in its allied members. If it will 
make this complete and become in reality a federation of 
national institutional athletic bodies, dispense with the 
system of individual registrations, except for unattached 
athletes, allow home rule, and extend the privilege to or- 
ganizations diflfering in kind to federate locally, it will 
receive the unanimous support of the athletic leaders and 
athletic organizations of the country and could then truly 
represent all the agencies in international relations. 

The National Federated Committee. If the A.A.U. 
will not become such a representative and federated body, 
then it would seem that the present National Federated 
Committee would prove the best agency to become the 
truly national body. To do this it should select subcom- 
mittees on all rules and seek to bring together all im- 
portant agencies in the country upon such rules follow- 
ing the beginning made with the basket ball rules. It 
should employ an executive secretary; it should plan a 
campaign of publicity, promote nation-wide discussion of 
the important administrative problems in sport, and seek 
to develop international relationships. 

9. While it is necessary to organize national adminis- 



1 



AMATEUR ATHLETICS AND ADMINISTRATION 197 

trative bodies with reference to the regulation of certain 
sports, these are hardly necessary in the more popular 
sports. Such regulation could be done best through sub- 
committees of the National Federation, and even where 
they do exist their form of organization should be such 
as to function through existing institutional organiza- 
tions. 

One of the most recent and successful organizations 
formed to solve the athletic problem was the Cook 
County Amateur Federation the principal leader in 
which was Dr. Henry F. Kallenberg of the Chicago Y. M. 
C. A, College, and it is thus described by him : 

The Cook County A.A.F. was organized in December 
of 1908 to solve local perplexing athletic problems pre- 
sented in a large city such as Chicago with its many 
groups as the Sunday schools, settlements, high schools, 
Y. M. C. A.'s, playgrounds, and turners having athletic 
relationships with each other. 

While each organization had its own rules and regula- 
tions there was confusion regarding amateur standards 
and misunderstandings when these different groups com- 
peted against each other. The problems of the various 
groups were so different, each having its own peculiar 
field, that uniformity in methods of control was impos- 
sible. Therefore, a new form of organization and new 
rules and regulations had to be evolved. 

Plan of Organisation 

The main features of the Cook County A.A.F. are as 
follows : 

First : Membership in the Federation is by groups or 
organizations. By groups or organizations is meant col- 
lectively the turners, playgrounds, settlements, or Y. M. 
C. A.'s. By unit is meant a single Y. M. C. A., a turner 
society, or a high school. There is no such individual in 
the Federation as an unattached athlete. It should be 



198 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

noted that the Federation is composed of governing 
bodies. 

Second: There is no Federation registration scheme. 
Each group, however, has its own registration plan. 

Third: There is a Federation constitution and by- 
laws containing only those features to which all the 
groups can agree. However, each group may have in its 
own constitution and by-laws any provision which it 
deems necessary to serve most effectively its own con- 
stituency. 

Fourth : Each group honors the rules and regulations 
of the other group. For example: If a high school or 
a Y. M. C. A. athlete is disquahfied for competing on 
Sunday, the turners and playgrounds which allow Sunday 
competition will honor such disqualification. The posi- 
tion is taken that an athlete must be loyal to and obey 
the rules of the organization of which he is a member. 

Fifth: The Federation as such does not suspend or 
disqualify athletes. This is done by the groups. In 
other words, the whole matter of control is placed on an 
honor basis. The physical directors or coaches, i.e., the 
men hack of the athletes, are held responsible by their 
own organizations for the conduct of their charges. 

Sixth : The executive committee is composed of rep- 
resentatives from all the groups in the Federation. 

Seventh: The Federation is a clearing house, a co- 
ordinating and promoting body, and does not give time 
to petty matters. These are taken care of by the groups 
as already stated. The Federation does, however, con- 
cern itself with charges of professionalism. 



Objective 

Briefly stated, the objective of the Cook County Fed- 
eration is as follows : 

1. To unite all organizations of a permanent character 
conducting athletics and other forms of physical activi- 
ties. 

2. To maintain high standards in amateur athletic com- 



AMATEUR ATHLETICS AND ADMINISTRATION 199 

petition upon a physiological basis and to unify methods, 
rules, and standards wherever possible and consistent 
with efficiency. 

3. To aid the various organizations in the Federation 
in their efforts to place competitive play activity within 
the reach of the largest number. 

The objective of the Federation is again illustrated by 
the following platform : 

'' Recognizing the social and educational value of com- 
petition in physical activities, the Cook County Amateur 
Athletic Federation stands first and always for whole- 
some, formal, and informal contests in gymnastics, ath- 
letics, and aquatics for the many. The Federation de- 
sires to serve those w^ho stand for ' sport for sport's 
sake,' who desire to acquire those many virtues culti- 
vated by sane competition, and who furthermore will be 
loyal to the ideals of the organization they represent. 
For the men who are looking merely for notoriety, for 
medals and cups, or are ever ready to shift their alle- 
giance whenever offered suitable (to them) material in- 
ducement to do so, the Federation has nothing to offer 
except to encourage such to come in and cooperate on 
this other higher basis." 

The Federation conducts conferences on basket ball, 
clean sport, etc. Special lectures are presented at the 
meetings held by the Federation monthly. For example, 
at a recent meeting there was presented the topic, '' The 
Effects of Training Down in Weight on the Growing 
Boy." Later, " Military versus Physical Training," and 
other topics of equal value are to be discussed. 

The Grozvth of the Cook County Federation 

The Cook County Federation began with six groups 
and has grown steadily since 1908 until today it has in 
its membership sixteen groups, which include all the Y. 
M. C. A.'s, settlements, playgrounds, high schools, the 
Cook County Sunday School Association, normal 
schools, and turners, including German, Polish, Bohe- 
mian, and Swedish societies. These 16 groups repre- 



200 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

sent over 50,000 men and boys participating in physical 
work. 

The Federation Movement has spread to other coun- 
tries so that there are now well-organized Federations 
in the Philippine Islands, China, South America, and in 
Honolulu. The United States is practically on a Fed- 
eration basis, although as yet there is no formal national 
organization. However, 95 per cent of all the high 
schools, colleges, Y. M. C. A.'s, and turners throughout 
the country have athletic relationships with each other 
on a basis similar to that of the Cook County Federation. 

It is not possible for every city to adopt in every re- 
spect the Cook County form of organization. Every 
city can, however, adopt the fundamental principles and 
modify the general plan of organization of the Cook 
County Federation to meet local conditions. 



CHAPTER IX 
TRAINING AND SUPERVISING AGENCIES 

Every movement is dependent for its growth, effective- 
ness and permanency upon the development of a specially 
trained and educated leadership. This is especially true 
of physical training in the Young Men's Christian Asso- 
ciation. In its early period it drew its teachers from the 
ranks of professional athletes and gymnasts or from 
among the volunteer workers in the gymnasium. They 
entered the work with little technical training and no 
.knowledge of the theory of the profession. That this 
training was inadequate was shown by the constantly 
changing personnel of the physical directorate. The 
physical work could not advance any faster than its lead- 
ership and during the first twenty years of its history its 
services were limited and its value not recognized by the 
leaders in the Association Movement. 

In 1885, Dr. David Allen Reed, a clergyman in Spring- 
field, Mass., organized a school for the training of Chris- 
tian lay workers and included a department for secre- 
taries of the Young Men's Christian Association. In 
1887 a course for physical directors was organized under 
the leadership of Dr. Luther Gulick, then a medical 
student in New York, and associated with him was 
Robert J. Roberts, who was called from the Boston 
Association. This was the beginning of the educational 
movement in physical training which was destined to 
become the chief factor in placing the physical work of 
the Association upon a permanent and scientific basis. 

201 



202 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

The growth of this department was a marked success 
from its very beginning and in 1890 a separate school 
was organized under the name of the International Young 
Men's Christian Association Training School and a sepa- 
rate property was purchased. In 1894 its first building 
was erected, it being a model gymnasium. 

In 1884 was held the first session of the Western Sec- 
retarial Institute at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, and in 1886 
it was incorporated under this title. 

In 1898 a separate institution was organized in Chicago 
and incorporated in Illinois under the name of The 
Young Men's Christian Association Training School. 
In 1896 the Lake Geneva and Chicago institutions were 
united. 

The progress and development of these two schools 
was most remarkable. They have furnished the greater 
proportion of the physical directors to the associations of 
the country and many of their graduates have found 
their way into other organizations — colleges, public 
schools, and the like. 

Both institutions are now classed as colleges and have 
been given the power to grant the degree of Bachelor 
of Physical Education (B. P. E.) for the completion 
of their course and for post-graduate work the degree 
of Master of Physical Education (M. P. E.). 

In equipment, teaching staff, and curricula they com- 
pare favorably with the training schools of the other 
professions and their place in the Association movement 
has been firmly established. 

Summer Schools 

The Conference on Professional Training has defined 
Summer Schools as " Primarily for continuation study 



TRAINING AND SUPERVISING AGENCIES 203 

and secondarily for introductory and preparatory study." 
Physical directors and assistants will find in these schools 
the opportunity for intensive study in the technique of 
their profession — a deepening of their acquaintance with 
the fundamental principles underlying physical education, 
as well as with the philosophy of Association work. 
While primarily schools of method, they serve as well 
as means for quickening the intellectual and spiritual 
life of the attendants. The fellowship, too. with like- 
minded men and the contact with leaders of our Asso- 
ciation Movement, as well as with men of prominence 
in the field of general and special culture, are invaluable 
aids to keeping the progressive director up to a high level 
of efficiency. These schools are located at Asilomar, 
Cal., Blue Ridge, N. C, Estes Park, Colo., Harper's 
Ferry, W. Va., Hollister, Mo., Lake Couchiching, Ont., 
Lake Geneva, Wis., Seabeck, Wash., and Silver Bay, 
N. Y. While the course of instructions for physical 
directors in these schools has not been completely stand- 
ardized, it covers in general the following : 

First Year: Bible study, athletics (games and calis- 
thenics), anatomy, first aid, Association and Department 
history, physiology or biology. 

Second Year : Physical examinations, construction 
and equipment, hygiene. 

Advanced Work: Bible study, laboratory methods 
(blood-count, medical diagnosis, etc.). 

SUPERVISING AGENCIES 
The International Committee, through its Physical 
Department Committee advises, interprets, and stimulates 
the work of the Physical Departments of the local Asso- 
ciations. It attempts to standardize and correlate the 
physical work of North America. Its employed secre- 



204 Physical education 

taries are its executive officers. It functions in the 
following ways: 

1. Publishes Material. Through special printed mat- 
ter, such as courses of study, handbooks, record blanks, 
and books, the work is standardized. Statistics, facts, 
and reports are gathered and published. New literature 
is created and pronouncements made with reference to 
its progress and development. Special service is ren- 
dered in criticizing building plans, and by suggesting 
valuable modifications in equipment. Service is rendered 
in uniting Associations in the promotion of swimming 
campaigns, sex education campaigns, and other forms 
of united endeavor requiring executive leadership. 

2. Makes National, State, and Local Surveys. Surveys 
are made of communities and policies outlined based 
upon the facts discovered. 

3. Conducts and Promotes Research Work. The De- 
partment creates new ideas and ideals in reference to 
Association physical training. Special studies are made. 
New types of possible service are discovered, so as to 
keep the work abreast of the times. 

4. Relates Association Work to Other Agencies. The 
secretaries of the Department represent the physical work 
of the Association in and to other agencies, and present 
it at conferences and conventions. The relationship to 
other agencies is defined and cooperation developed. 

5. Operates the Health League and the Athletic League 
of North America. Certain forms of service are dele- 
gated to this Department by the International Conven- 
tion, such as the direction of the Athletic League of 
North America and the International Health League. 
The Physical Department of the International Com- 
mittee administers and reports upon these to the Inter- 



TRAINING AND SUPERVISING AGENCIES 205 

national Convention and unofificially to the Physical Di- 
rectors' Society. 

6. Serves the Summer Schools and Physical Directors/' 
Society of North America, its secretaries acting as deans 
of three such schools, outlining the curriculums, and bear- 
ing a teaching advisory relation to others. 

7. Acts as a Clearing House. Physical directors, com- 
mitteemen, and others are free to call upon the Depart- 
ment for information and counsel in reference to the 
physical work. Reports of work done in local fields are 
given publicity so that each may profit by the progress 
of all the others. 

8. Recruits Men for and Places Men in the Physical 
Directorship. Men are constantly sought who have the 
potential qualifications for the physical directorship 
and are advised with reference to study and train- 
ing. Special efforts are made to secure men from 
educational institutions. Cooperation is given the 
training schools in securing students, direction is 
given to the physical departments in three summer 
schools, and a helpful relation sustained with all. Asso- 
ciations are assisted in finding physical directors suited 
to their need. Physical directors are assisted in trans- 
ferring, where the wisdom of such transfer is agreed 
to by the Associations and physical directors involved. 
Every proper attempt is made to Secure promotion 
for the deserving physical director and for the enlarge- 
ment of the office so that men will find in it a life 
function. 

9. A Department of Conciliation and Arbitration. 
Sometimes there are points of difference between an 
Association and the physical director. These often are 
referred to the International Committee for adjustment 



2o6 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

and for settlement. Often also points at variance in 
definite policies are satisfactorily settled. 

lo. A Department of Interpretation and Extension. 
In addition to all the above, the Department seeks to 
interpret the place and nature of physical training in 
relation to existing special forms of Association work, 
such as the county work, requiring unique departures in 
administration and philosophy to meet the health and 
recreation needs in rural communities ; the industrial 
w^rk, where again special adaptation is needed; the rail- 
road and army and navy work. In each of these special 
adaptations of Association work different interpretations 
of the physical work are required, and these must be 
and are gfiven distinctive study and service. 

State Committees function through Physical Depart- 
ment subcommittees composed of volunteer workers. At 
present no state Physical Department committee employs 
the entire time of a secretary, though part of the time 
of a staff secretary is sometimes assigned to pliysical 
work. In nearly all the states annual conferences of 
physical directors are held and in some monthly con- 
ferences are promoted. These serve to unify and stand- 
ardize the work. 

ORGANIZATIONS OF THE ASSOCIATION 
BROTHERHOOD 

There are several existing organizations in the Young 
Men's Christian Association which the physical director 
should know and with which he should be identified and 
cooperate. 

The Employed Officers' Conference 

This is a conference which practically meets each year 
except the year in which the International Convention 



TRAINING AND SUPERVISING AGENCIES 207 

occurs. The latter is held triennially. The Employed 
Officers' Conference brings together the employed officers 
of the Associations of the United States and Canada 
for the discussion of their vocational problems. It 
develops fraternity and unity. These conferences have 
historic value. They have done much to promote the 
efficiency of Association work and to dignify the position 
of an Association secretary. 

The conference is made up of groups of conferences 
of the various specialists which are constituent members, 
and each has representation on the program committee. 
The programs of the Employed Officers' Conference con- 
sist of general sessions in which all unite, and depart- 
mental conferences at which time the societies or Asso- 
ciations of general secretaries, physical directors, educa- 
tional directors, boys' workers, county work secretaries, 
and other groups meet. One of the important by-prod- 
ucts of the Employed Officers' Conference is the insurance 
Alliance. 

Annual membership in the Employed Officers' Confer- 
ence, including membership in the Physical Directors' 
Society and subscription to Physical Training — the offi- 
cial magazine of the Physical Directors' Society — is 
$2.50. 

The Physical Directors' Society of the Young 
Men's Christian Association of North America 

The Physical Directors' Society of the Young Men's 
Christian Association of North America was organized 
at Lakewood, N. Y., in June, 1903. It promotes fra- 
ternity, unifies and standardizes the physical work, and 
promotes original research. It issues the monthly maga- 
zine. Physical Training, and holds an annual conference 



2o8 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

in conjunction with either the International Convention 
or the Employed Officers' Conference. Every physical 
director should be an active member of the society to 
help and be helped. It is essential in order to keep in 
touch with the new developments in the work. 

Standing committees on Graded Gymnastics, Religious 
Education, Health Education, Social Service, Bibliogra- 
phy, Sexual Hygiene, etc., promote activity in the study 
of these subjects throughout the year which results in 
valuable original contributions. The Society has its own 
executive committee and the usual officers. 

Local physical directors' conferences are also held, 
which are a source of inspiration and education to those 
who attend them. In metropolitan cities like New York 
and Chicago conferences are held bi-weekly and monthly. 
In states like Massachusetts and New Jersey such con- 
ferences for the men of an entire state are possible each 
month. In other parts of the country, where distances 
are great, such meetings are semi-annual or annual, and 
in the latter case are held in connection with state con- 
ventions. The programs of the more frequent confer- 
ences include practical gymnastics as well as theoretical 
studies. 

The General Secretaries' Insurance Alliance 

This is a fraternal organization in which only Asso- 
ciation employed officers can be members. Its purpose 
is to provide a fund which will go to the family of a 
deceased employed officer. Upon the death of a mem- 
ber of the Alliance each member is assessed $2.10. The 
ten cents covers all expenses of the Alliance. The bal- 
ance goes to the beneficiary. During the decade closing 
December 31, 1911, the Insurance Alliance paid a total 



TRAINING AND SUPERVISING AGENCIES 209 

of forty-seven benefits, an average per year of less than 
five. The total amount paid out in benefits was $109,792. 
During this time the average benefit increased from 
$1,681 in 1902 to $3,299 in 191 1, and over $4,000 in 
1913. Every physical director should join this Alliance, 
not only for the benefits his family will derive, but be- 
cause of the brotherhood and fraternity it promotes. 

The Athletic League of the Young Men's Christian 
Associations of North America 

The Athletic League is the athletic administrative body 
of the Young Men's Christian Associations of the United 
States. Canada has its own Athletic League, described 
elsewhere. This was formerly a part of the North 
American League. The Athletic League retains its or- 
iginal name abbreviated as A. L. N. A. 

The purpose of the League is to set high standards of 
conduct in athletic sport among Association members, to 
create suitable legislation, to make rules uniform, to pro- 
vide for a bureau of records, to establish a clearing house 
for methods, to promote athletic federations, both among 
local Associations and through them with other respon- 
sible agencies. 

In July, 191 1, at the request of the Physical Directors' 
Society, the alliance of the Athletic League with the 
Amateur Athletic Union, which had existed for fifteen 
years or more, was terminated because this alliance 
greatly hindered the Association in promoting its work 
in more remote fields and limited its relations with other 
reputable organizations. Then, too, the Association be- 
lieved that the methods of administration still insisted 
upon by the A. A. U. did not meet modern needs. 

Since the alliance has been terminated the Athletic 



210 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

League organization has been entirely recast. The for- 
mer system of registration of athletes and sanctions of 
games has been abolished. The membership fee in the 
League has been reduced to $2.50. An amateur platform 
has been adopted and is the basis of membership and of 
athletic conduct. A new amateur definition has been 
made. The following extract from the platform indi- 
cates the relationship in athletics of Young Men's 
Christian Associations which are in the Athletic League 
with each other and of such Associations with other 
agencies : 

Athletic Platform 
Principles: We recognize in athletics, when wisely 
directed : 

a. A form of supplementary physical training for the 

development of bodily vigor. 

b. A great educational force developing the coordina- 

tion of the muscular and nervous systems and con- 
tributing quick motor reactions, muscular skill, 
and precision. 

c. An excellent means of teaching social ethics, of es- 

tablishing right social relationships and social 
cooperation, and of satisfying the play instinct. 

d. A means for the development of character, through 

self-control, temperate living, and fair play. 
We do not favor: 

a. The placing of emphasis upon prize-giving or prize- 

winning and believe these should be secondary and 
incidental. 

b. Any form of commercialism, through bribes, or 

special honoraria offered as inducements to men 
to compete or demanded by them for competing. 



TRAINWG AND SUPERVISING AGENCIES 211 

c. The recruiting of athletes by one organization from 

another. 

d. That high degree of speciaHzation in athletics which 

interferes with the harmonious development of 
the bodily functions. 

e. That practice in competition which leads to ex- 

cesses and undue nervous expenditure or which re- 
sults in a state of mind not in keeping with true 
sportsmanship. 

All Young Men's Christian Associations which adopt 
this platform and thus pledge themselves to conduct their 
athletic competition in harmony with its principles are 
eligible to membership in the League upon sending 
written notice to the headquarters of the League together 
with membership fee. 

Such Young Men's Christian Associations may partici- 
pate with all other organizations, clubs, teams, or fed- 
erations, of whatsoever character, which in like manner 
subscribe to this platform or adopt a platform similar 
in principle. Those organizations, teams, or federations 
which will not subscribe to this platform or adopt a plat- 
form similar in principle, and practice these principles 
in competition will not be eligible for competition with 
Young Men's Christian Associations in this League. 

The Athletic League has become decentralized and the 
name of the Governing Committee has been changed 
to that of Executive Committee, as its chief function 
is now that of promotion and of education. The com- 
mittee consists of the members of the Physical Depart- 
ment Committee of the International Committee and 
three members at large. 

Furthermore, the emphasis is upon intra-Association 
athletics, and measures are being adopted in the interests 



212 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

of quickening such efforts so that the largest good to the 
largest number will result. 

Since the reorganization of the League there has been 
growth of favorable sentiment toward the federation 
idea, not only in the Young Men's Christian Association, 
but also in other organizations throughout the nation. 

The Athletic League of Young Men's Christian 
Associations of Canada 
This body supervises the athletics of the Associations 
in Canada and bears in essence the same relation to the 
Canadian Associations as does the Athletic League of 
North America to the Associations in the United States, 
though different in form. The menibership is $5 for 
Associations having a membership of more than two hun- 
dred and $2.50 for those having less than two hundred 
members. No registration fee is charged. The princi- 
pal Associations in the Dominion are members. A Gov- 
erning Committee elected by the Associations directs the 
League. 

Agencies with Which the Association Cooperates 

Educational 

I. The Health Education League, Devonshire Street, 
Boston, Mass. This organization issues pamphlets on 
various health topics, such as " Emergencies," a good 
booklet for use in shops ; '* Mosquitoes and Flies " ; 
"Milk"; "The Boy and the Cigarette"; "Colds"; 
" Sexual Hygiene." The League will print the name of 
the local Association on the cover. These pamphlets cost 
from two to five cents each. They are cheaper in 
quantities^ 



TRAINING AND SUPERVISING AGENCIES 213 

2. Scientific Temperance Federation, 23 Trull Street, 
Boston, Mass. This organization provides scientific 
literature in reference to the effects of the use of alcohol. 
Slides, charts, and lectures are furnished at low figures 
and can be used with good results. 

3. The American Red Cross, Washington, D. C. This 
organization heretofore has acted only in time of war 
or calamity, but recently has undertaken a campaign 
for the promotion of the study of first aid to the in- 
jured. The International Committee of Young Men's 
Christian Associations has arranged a plan whereby both 
unite in providing a diploma for successful students in 
the subject. Other societies with which the Association 
is related in a less official way are the National First 
Aid Society, Beacon Street, Boston, Mass., and the New 
York Society. The American Red Cross has recently 
organized a National Life-Saving Department — promot- 
ing instruction in swimming and life saving. The As- 
sociation and Red Cross are in active cooperation in such 
matters. 

4. The American Social Hygiene Society, New York 
City. This society promotes instruction in sexual 
hygiene. It has issued the following pamphlets, which 
can be used with good results : '* The Young Man's 
Problem" (for young men) ; '* The Boy Problem" (for 
parents); "What My Uncle Taught Me" (for boys, 
11-14); '* The Relation of Social Diseases with Mar- 
riage and Their Prophylaxis." The latter sells for 
twenty-five cents, all the others are ten cents each. 

5. The Society of Social Hygiene, Chicago, 111., is a 
similar organization, and its literature can be used with- 
out hesitation. 

6. Local and State Boards of Health. These should 



214 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

be heartily cooperated with by the extensive use of their 
literature. Many local Boards of Health issue splendid 
illustrated material on such topics as " Fighting Flies " 
and " The Care of the Baby/' 

7. United States Government Experiment Stations. 
These agencies publish much valuable material v^hich 
can be secured free of charge. They invite cooperation 
in getting their printed matter before the public. The 
Treasury Department has also organized the United 
States Public Health service which aims at the general 
dissemination of such facts of sex as are essential for 
the welfare of young people. 

Legislative 

While the Association as such is not a legislative or- 
ganization, it nevertheless can participate in legislative 
work through agencies which are specifically legislative. 
Such agencies are: 

1. The Society for the Suppression of Vice, Nassau 
Street, New York City. Where foul literature is dis- 
covered in a community and samples of it are sent this 
society, steps will be taken to prosecute the publishers 
and rid the community of it. It is particularly effective 
in suppressing literature sent through the United States 
mails and in securing convictions of those so using them. 

2. Board of Health. If unsanitary buildings and un- 
healthy conditions are reported, the Board of Health 
will act quickly and effectively. Its laboratories can be 
used for testing water or milk or for securing antitoxin. 

3. American Humane Society, or its branches. The 
home office is in New York City. This is practically 
the only agency working in behalf of the maltreated and 
undernourished child. This agency has autocratic power 



I 



TRAINING AND SUPERVISING AGENCIES 215 

and can act without police warrants in taking children 
out of homes. Its department in behalf of maltreated 
animals presents a splendid opportunity for educating 
and enlisting boys with reference to the proper treat- 
ment of animals. Its literature upon this subject is 
valuable. 

Miscellaneous 

1. Charity Organizations, local and state. These 
agencies should be used in any attempt to deal with 
homeless or dependent people or the unemployed. 

2. Tuberculosis Societies. Literature is issued freely. 
Sanatoria lists are available. Often the exhibit can be 
placed in the Association building. 

3. National Playground and Recreation Association, 
Metropolitan Building, New York City. Complete infor- 
mation can be had in reference to playgrounds, includ- 
ing literature, slides, exhibits, and lectures. 

4. United States Volunteer Life Saving Corps. A 
Young Men's Christian Association auxiliary depart- 
ment has been provided. Buttons for membership and 
instructions for organizing are furnished gratis. 

5. Juvenile Courts. Cooperation can be had with this 
agency by furnishing volunteer probation officers. 

This is a day of cooperation. The Association should 
seek to know the agencies in its community which are 
at work, and use them, as well as lend them its coopera- 
tion. 

Other Physical Training Agencies 

The Association physical director must not limit his 
relations to organizations which have to do with the 
Young Men's Christian Association alone. He needs 



2i6 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

the broadening influence of other national bodies re- 
lated to physical education. 

The American Physical Education Association. This 
is the scientific body in physical education in North 
America. It includes in its membership directors from 
educational, municipal, social, and religious agencies. 
This Association publishes a monthly Review which con- 
tains original and scientific papers on physical education 
and presents the news and progress of physical train- 
ing the world over. Membership in the society, including 
the Review, is three dollars annually. 



CHAPTER X 

PHYSICAL TRAINING IN THE ARMY AND 

NAVY 

When the great World War broke out in 1914 it 
opened up an unprecedented opportunity for service by 
the Young Men's Christian Associations at home and 
abroad. The British National Committee and the Asso- 
ciations of Canada and Australasia greatly expanded their 
service as their national armies grew. Unique methods 
were developed to meet the unusual needs. The British 
Association developed the Association hut and originated 
the plan of using women in connection with army service 
which proved so popular in army Association service 
overseas. 

Before the United States entered the war the Interna- 
tional Committee projected a very extensive service to the 
prisoner-of-war camps in all the countries at war with the 
exception of Turkey. In these camps plays and games 
proved most beneficent and helpful in relieving the mo- 
notony of prison life and in furthering the physical better- 
ment of prisoners. 

When the United States entered the war the first camps 
that were organized at home were officers' training camps, 
— sixteen in number. In each of these was placed an ex- 
perienced Association physical director. When, later, the 
large army was mobilized it was decided by the War 
Work Council of the Y. M. C. A. to provide a building 
for each brigade of men in each of the army camps and a 
physical director on the staflf in each building. In the 

217 



2i8 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

large cantonments where there were from six to fourteen 
of such buildings a camp physical director was appointed 
to standardize and coordinate the physical work of the As- 
sociation in the camp and to sustain a relation to the mili- 
tary officials. Later a regional director was appointed in 
each of the six departments, corresponding to the organi- 
zation of the war department, to supervise the Association 
physical work in the respective regions. Fully six hun- 
dred Association physical directors were in action at one 
time in the home camps, indicating the great extent of 
this work. 

In the United States army the Association physical di- 
rectors entered as civilians, in the Canadian army they 
became commissioned officers. Each method had its par- 
ticular merits and each proved successful. The very fact 
that the Assocation physical directors were civilians gave 
them an advantage because they were free to initiate, to 
change, to approach military officials and to fit in where 
and when they were most needed. They were not under 
military orders. Their success depended not upon rank, 
but upon their ability and efficiency. On the other hand 
the Canadians found that during combat days they se- 
cured better support from the army in such matters as 
transport and in securing official backing because they 
were militarized. 

At the outbreak of the war and previous to that time, 
physical training was not well organized nor generally 
practiced in the U. S. army. When the new army was 
mobilized, while a comprehensive plan of physical train- 
ing was provided for, theoretically, no adequate corps of 
instructors was available to teach the regulation setting 
up exercises and to promote athletics. 

At the outset, the Association physical directors found 



PHYSICAL TRAINING IN THE ARMY AND NAVY 219 

considerable difference of opinion on the part of com- 
manding officers toward athletics and games. Some were 
actually antagonistic. Each physical director was told to 
study the needs of the soldiers carefully, to experiment, 
and to endeavor to organize his work in such a way as 
to meet the needs of the largest possible number. They 
began in a very small way, but soon discovered wonderful 
opportunities for promoting their program. 

They made surveys of the camps and prepared plans 
for the layout of athletic grounds which were submitted 
to the military authorities and by them approved and 
workmen frequently detailed to do the work. In several 
camps the commanding officers, after having a plan sub- 
mitted to them for teaching all the men in the camps to 
swim, had the plans made official and ordered all the men 
in the camp to report for examination in swimming, even 
furnishing conveyances to take the men to distant points 
where swimming pools were available. 

More comprehensive plans began to take shape. Inter- 
company and barracks baseball and basket ball leagues 
were formed with as m,!any as fifteen to eighteen teams in 
each. Mass pentathlon exercises, mass plays and games 
soon followed. Requests were received to formulate 
events of a military nature, such as mounted wrestling, 
mounted tug of war, races in full military equipment, etc. 
Monster athletic meets were planned for Memorial Day, 
July 4th, and other holidays in which the adjoining towns 
cooperated. A very effective method was worked out 
for conducting mass athletics known as the file or line 
method. Whole regiments went through these at the 
same time under command. 

Gradually athletics were incorporated into the military 
program; many commanding officers asked Association 



220 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

physical directors to teach the calisthenic drills. When 
the large camps were opened greatly increased opportunity 
was afiforded for projecting athletic programs. 

Officers became increasingly enthusiastic over the work. 
In the winter season efforts were made to devise indoor 
methods for promoting exercising. Recreation sheds 
were built in several camps in the Northwest and in the 
older forts drill halls were used. Schools for officers and 
non-commissioned officers were organized. In one camp 
instruction was given to twelve hundred officers twice each 
week. In this carnp twenty thousand men were engaged 
in sports at one time. There were two hundred football 
teams organized. 

In some camps as many as seventy per cent of the men 
did not know how to play. Play leaders from among the 
men were often selected in each company. These men 
were trained in special groups in the simpler group games 
and in turn helped to teach the others. One camp had an 
athletic meet in which three thousand men took part and 
a play day was officially assigned for each week. In sev- 
eral other camps specific time was set aside for recreation 
by the military officers. Some of the physical directors 
reported better results with the play leaders than with the 
regularly appointed athletic officers. 

Briefly stated, the following constitute the principles 
and aims of the physical training program of the Y. M. 
C. A. in the army camps and naval stations. 

I. To Occupy the Leisure Hours of the Men 

This is a highly important field for it is the history of 
armies, aside from actual combat, that most of the causes 
of disability have been outside the line of duty. All man- 
ner of activities can be used here, formal as well as infor- 



PHYSICAL TRAINING IN THE ARMY AND NAVY 221 

mal, and both indoors and outdoors. They are charac- 
terized by original, unique, attractive, adaptable forms of 
recreation. 

II. To Widen the Opportunity for Participation in 

Recreative Sports 
To this end the Association athletic director seeks out 
and has prepared play fields, athletic parks, outdoor plat- 
forms for boxing and wrestling, adapts for recreative pur- 
poses the Association huts and where owned in division 
camps, the large auditoriums. He keeps on hand suitable 
athletic equipment for the use of the men. 

III. To Enlist Every Man in the Game 

This includes every group of men in a camp — not only 
the soldiers in active drill but those in hospitals, in quar- 
antine, on hikes, at target ranges ; those in rest camps, 
those in the supply department, those who serve in the 
mess hall, the nurses ; not only every group but every man 
in every group. This requires chief emphasis upon mass 
athletics, upon informal sports. It requires organization 
and the training of leaders and a varied program. 

IV. To Cooperate Wherever Desired in the Actual 

Training of the Men for Military Service 
Many and diverse have been the requests made of As- 
sociation athletic directors by the military and naval 
officers. Setting up drills have been conducted, military 
athletics directed, mass boxing taught, mass swimming and 
life saving handled, special official recreation periods 
supervised. 

V. To Develop the Fighting Spirit 

This is done through combative sports such as boxing 
and wrestling, through competitive sports, and through 



222 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

exercises of speed, skill, force, and endurance, through 
the promotion of those forms of sport which stimulate the 
emotions. 

VI. To Amuse Men, to Develop Good Humor and 

Interest and the Cultivation of the Spirit 
of Contentment 
Athletics can be used as entertainment through athletic 
meets, exhibition games, short boxing bouts, stunts, acts 
of physical prowess, burlesque athletic events, the purpose 
being to make military life attractive and to develop orig- 
inality and spontaneity. 

VII. To Develop Morale through the Promotion of 

Clean Sport and Good Cheer 
To teach the men to be good sportsmen, good team men, 
good losers as well as good winners. To keep their heads 
in time of contest, to throw themselves into competition 
with vim and vigor but to maintain self-control. 

VIII. To Use Recreation as a Moral Force 

To make play stronger than vice. To substitute foot- 
ball and other virile sports for vice, alcohol, and gambling. 
Where wholesome attractve sports are provided men for- 
get and lose their craving for the lower forms of pleasure. 
Constructive recreative activities displace destructive 
vicious indulgence. 

IX. To Increase the Physical Efficiency of Every 

Man 
The various forms of athletic activities give opportuni- 
ties for wider and more vigorous normal movements than 
routine drills and marches at less expense of nerve en- 
ergy, and the result is more vigorous action of the vital 
organs, particularly those of circulation and respiration. 



PHYSICAL TRAINING IN THE ARMY AND NAVY 223 

The increase of general tone is seen in the better per- 
formance of miHtary duties on the part of the individual. 

X. To Cooperate in the Restoration of the Sick 
AND Injured 

Through carefully selected play activities and graded 
physical exercises used in cooperation with the proper 
official authorities, much can be done in the reeducation 
of the wounded, in the development of the undersized, 
and in the restoration of the convalescent to complete use- 
fulness. Physical activities along with other forms of 
treatment are most efficient in such restoration service, 
which many Association athletic directors are qualified to 
perform. 

By the time the United States army was ready to sail 
overseas the argument had been made for athletics and 
the program was highly acceptable. The same was true 
in the Canadian army. 

Then came the transfer of troops overseas. Here con- 
ditions were more difficult as the men were as a rule not 
brought together in large camps but billeted in small vil- 
lages. Considerable activity was promoted in the base 
camps, where the troops landed in large numbers to be 
rested for a few days, sometimes trained for a longer 
time, then sent farther up the line. Essentially then the 
w^ork was in the waves. 

Most of the work had to be adapted to small groups. 
Physical directors followed the men as they moved, trav- 
eling also with division trains and meeting every conceiv- 
able situation. Athletics were carried right up behind the 
front lines of trenches. Many games were broken up by 
falling shells. 

Athletics and competitive games played a big part in the 



224 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

training of the Canadian troops in England and France. 
All championships were placed on an organized basis, and 
were promoted by the military authorities and the Y. M. 
C. A. In the big training camps in England champion- 
ships were decided in baseball (loi teams), soccer foot- 
ball (65 teams), swimming, boxing, wrestling, tennis, 
Rugby, and cross country running. In all the games 
unit teams were insisted upon, and after winners were 
decided in the seven different areas, they were brought to 
one center and the championship decided in a small tour- 
nament. Cross country running was very popular. 

Vast quantities of athletic equipment were sent over- 
seas by the War Work Councils of Canada and the United 
States, amounting to fully two millions of dollars. 

Naturally the great opportunity came with the signing 
of the armistice. The Association in connection with the 
army developed a remarkable program of sports, cover- 
ing American Expeditionary Force championships in 
practically all sports — boxing and wrestling, track and 
field sports, baseball, tennis, football, basket ball, and the 
all-point company championship, which is a pentathlon 
including the 100 yard dash, 800 yard run, stand- 
ing broad jump, putting the shell (i2j^ lbs.), and pull 
up. Special Bulletins from General Headquarters were 
issued describing the conditions under which the events 
were to be held and how the teams or individuals were to 
be selected. All team events were selected so as to deter- 
mine the best team in the following units: General 
Headquarters troops — one team. First Army, one 
team. Second Army, one team. Third Army, one team. 
Service Supplies, two teams. District of Paris, one 
team. These teams were selected by a process of elimi- 
nation in the different divisions. 



PHYSICAL TRAINING IN THE ARMY AND NAVY 225 

The proposed teamwork between the army and the 
'' Y " was made the subject of an official order in General 
Orders 241. This order contained the following opening 
paragraph : " The Commander in Chief directs the atten- 
tion of all concerned to the importance of encouraging the 
development of general and competitive athletics and all 
kinds of appropriate entertainment, for the purpose of 
keeping up the morale, fostering the developing of organ- 
ization esprit de corps, and improving the physical fitness 
of the army." 

It called attention to the fact that the Y. M. C. A., with 
the approval of the Commander in Chief, had organized a 
Department of Athletics and was prepared to give every 
assistance in the development of general athletics and the 
arrangement and management of competitions between 
military units, and that it had a large number of specially 
trained physical directors with wide experience in mass 
play and in other athletic activities, one of whom would 
be attached to the staff of each division and separate unit, 
and designated in orders as Divisional (or Unit) Athletic 
Director, and under the supervision of the Division Ath- 
letic Officer, was charged with the responsibility of the ar- 
rangement, management, and general conduct of athletic 
activities throughout the unit. 

To show the appreciation with which the army leaders 
looked upon the value of athletics, Order 241 contained 
the following interesting announcement : 

" With a view to making it possible for all the men who 
so desire to take part in the athletic activities herein pro- 
vided for, G. O. No. 236 c.s. these headquarters, is so 
rriodified as to authorize all commanding officers to excuse 
from all military training in excess of four hours per day 
all of the men of their commands who take part actively 



226 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

each day in any of the athletic sports approved by the 
divisional or unit athletic officer/' 

How greatly different this attitude on the part of the 
army officials to that taken at the outset of the war by 
some of them in the camps at home when athletic sports 
seemed in their judgment foreign to the interests of mili- 
tary training. 

The Association definitely recommended that following 
the A.E.F. championships there should be held a series of 
great Inter-Allied games. In order to make the Inter- 
Allied games a possibility the Association agreed to build 
a stadium. This stadium is located at Joinville-le-Pont 
near Paris. The stands and bleachers are of concrete 
seating 22,000 people, and the cost was about $85,000. 
The track measures 500 meters. The stadium was named 
after General Pershing, who turned it over to the French 
authorities as a permanent testimonial of the interest of 
the A. E. F. in sports and as a reminder of the great 
Army-Y. M. C. A. joint effort in athletics. The Allied 
games were held June 22, 1919. 

Invitations to participate in the games were sent by the 
Commander-in-Chief of the American Expeditionary 
Forces to twenty-one Allied Nations. Belgium, France, 
Italy, Greece, Roumania, China, Poland, Australia, Brazil, 
Hedjaz, England, Canada, and other nations participated. 
The meet proved a glorious success and was a fitting cli- 
max to the war experience, as peace was signed when the 
games were in progress. 

The Association not only served the troops from North 
America alone but of several of the Allied Nations. 
Eight American athletic directors were sent upon request 
to promote plays and games among the British soldiers. 

Athletic directors were furnished to serve in the French 



PHYSICAL TRAINING IN THE ARMY AND NAVY 227 

Army through the medium of the Foyers du Soldat, the 
name used for the huts. Twenty-one regional athletic 
directors were appointed who constantly traveled through 
the camps and provided athletic equipment and advised in 
reference to the promotion of sport. The French re- 
ceived the informal games with avidity. The Association 
was officially requested to furnish an athletic director for 
each of eight schools of physical education in which liter- 
ally thousands of male teachers were given instruction in 
American games and who in turn introduced them into 
the schools throughout France, thus touching practically 
the entire youth of France. 

In Italy, likewise, American Association athletic direc- 
tors served in relation to the Casa du Soldat and in the 
cities and were enthusiastically received by the Italian 
military officials. Considerable work was done in the 
military schools and also in work for the wounded and 
convalescent. A large and fundamental piece of work 
was likewise established for the boys of Italy on the play- 
ground, in schools and through the Boy Scouts. 

Some of our directors in Rome were giving their days 
to soldiers and their evenings from 5 : 30 on and Sundays 
to the boys. The boys, like the men, received the Asso- 
ciation athletic and recreative program with great enthu- 
siasm. Army fields and city playgrounds were used for 
the work with the boys. In Milan, the Association was 
granted permission to use the Arena (built by Napoleon), 
a large and beautiful place with a seating capacity of 
30,000, for a demonstration and later for regular playing 
of basket ball, volley ball and playground ball by the Ital- 
ian young men and boys of that city. Italy had no games 
in which throwing and batting were involved. 

Basket ball and volley ball were likewise unknown. 



228 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

Through these games alone the Association Physical De- 
partment has made a real contribution to the health yield- 
ing resources of the play life of the Italian nation. 

No less romantic was the Russian work, which was 
carried on amid great difficulties. Because of the Arctic 
winters, limited facilities, the difficulty of obtaining sup- 
plies, our physical directors were severely handicapped in 
the development of a recreative and athletic program. 
Yet in the face of all the obstacles a very creditable work 
was accomplished and physical training filled a very im- 
portant place in the needs of the Allied armies in Russia. 
A most cosmopolitan population it was, comprising some 
twenty-five nationalities, among which were som.e of the 
following : 

Americans, English, Canadians, Czechs, Serbians, 
French, Chinese, Russian, Japanese, Italians, Letts, Poles, 
Siamese, Africans, Indians, Filipinos, Koreans, Arme- 
nians, etc. The Czech army became so interested in 
American games, particularly Association football, that it 
is reported that the future generation of Czechs will be 
playing American games. This program of athletic recre- 
ation was a vital factor in sustaining what was ordinarily 
a high grade morale in the Czech army, but which under 
the strain of indescribable suffering and hardships en- 
tailed in the four years' Siberian campaign was rapidly 
weakening. At Harbin, a program of athletic games, 
basket ball, and skating was maintained for a group of 
American engineers. An inter-company baseball league 
played for the American championship of the Vladivostok 
district. Wrestling and boxing tournaments and pro- 
grams were conducted at many points. The work has 
left its impress not on Russia alone, but on many of the 



PHYSICAL TRAINING IN THE ARMY AND NAVY 229 

twenty-five or more nationalities represented there, and 
will doubtless be a great factor in the future development 
of the physical work abroad. 



APPENDIX I 

HINTS ON ORGANIZING SUMMER PROGRAM 

The following experience may prove suggestive. It contains 
a most important principle, namely, that the best way to create 
interest is through democracy. Members enjoy what they 
initiate. 

To create unusual interest in summer recreation a " Summer 
Recreation Rally" was announced. An interesting speaker on 
"How to Enjoy a Vacation" was secured for a short address. 
His name was sufficient to create interest. The meeting was 
held in the large auditorium. There was a suggestion that a 
crowd was expected. A man of prominence was asked to pre- 
side. The stage was arranged to indicate summer vacation — a 
tent was pitched, a make-believe camp fire introduced, and ath- 
letic paraphernalia, such as fishing nets and rods, a canoe, tennis 
rackets, balls, bats, and golf clubs were used for decoration. 

Before the time for the program, cards were issued to the 
members asking them to check the particular sports in which 
they were interested and return the cards at least two weeks 
before the night of the rally. On these cards were named all 
the conceivable sports which the community might afford. The 
list included track and field sports, tennis, baseball, rambling, 
camera club, horseback riding, surf bathing, boating, tugboat 
trips, trolley rides, golf. There was no idea how many of these 
would be provided, but it was a method of making an inventory 
of the members' desires. When the cards were collected the lists 
were classified. Then a meeting of the various groups was 
called. For illustration, a dozen men wanted golf. These were 
called together to discuss how golf might be provided. The 
Association had no golf grounds and could not afford them. A 
committee was appointed from the group to investigate and to 
find what the city provided in grounds and to report at the rally. 
Similarly other groups were called together and sent out to find 
facilities and to report definite methods for their use. These 

230 



APPENDIX 231 

succeeded admirably. The golfers found splendid golf links fur- 
nished free by the city and organized the group to play on 
them. The boating group found it could secure special rates 
at the park if tickets were bought in quantities. The athletic 
group found an athletic park which could be rented for $100, and 
the money was secured by issuing athletic park tickets at one 
dollar each to one hundred interested members. 

All of these groups reported on rally night. First, the or- 
chestra played, the address was given, and stereopticon views 
of an Association summer school, the local and state camp for 
boys, were shown — as well as pictures of local athletes. Then 
came the reports, after which the groups got together, organ- 
ized, and made plans. These were launched enthusiastically be- 
cause the members had made the enterprise possible and a splen- 
did season of many activities resulted. 

For a program of outdoor activities one thinks of spring and 
fall athletic meets, and all-round tests during the summer. The 
following are suggested : Relay runs to a neighboring city, 
cross-country runs and paper chases, twilight baseball leagues, 
playground ball leagues for business men, handball and outdoor 
baseball, bicycle runs, and when possible aquatic sports. 

The Association should seek to sense the prevailing sport 
in its commiunity and relate itself to it. For illustration, in one 
city the favorite sport was sea bathing. On Saturday afternoon 
many of the members were found on the beach, though the As- 
sociation was not related to it. The Association made a study 
of the situation. It was discovered that one of the large bathing 
houses was most popular. A representative was sent to the 
proprietor, who agreed to the suggestion that lockers be reserved 
in a certain section of the building for Association men. This 
segregated the men and brought them together at the beach at the 
same time. Then the physical director related himself to the 
group, directing the games on the beach, including three deep, 
pyramids, and races. Later the group organized into an Associa- 
tion swimming club, and thus through tact and study and adapt- 
ability the Association became the directing force. In another 
city the chief attraction was a camp on the river. The best loca- 
tion on this river was occupied by drinking clubs. Investigation 
revealed that the property was owned by a churchman. The 



2Z2 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

physical director called upon the owner, told him that if the 
Association were given a portion of the property a boathouse 
would be erected and the rest of the property would be super- 
vised and leased to respectable persons. This he agreed to. 
The objectionable persons were eliminated, better groups be- 
came tenants, and the Association formed a stock company of 
one hundred members at ten dollars each and erected a substan- 
tial boathouse with sleeping accommodations. 

SWIMMING CAMPAIGN 
W. H. Ball 

The Objective 

To teach America to swim is a gigantic undertaking, but this 
is the task that was undertaken by the Young Men's Christian 
Association in 1909. A large proportion of the one hundred mil- 
lion or more inhabitants of North America derive very little if 
any pleasure from the water because they are not masters of it 
and consequently fear it. In the United States alone, more than 
seven thousand persons are accidentally drowned each year. 
To help save these lives and to add materially to the wholesome 
enjoyment of all the nation is a challenge that may well call 
forth the best efforts of an organization like the Young Men's 
Christian Association. 

Conditions 

Associations are found in nearly all the large communities 
in the XJnited States and Canada, and more than four hundred 
of these Associations have indoor swimming pools, while many 
others conduct camps in the summer beside lakes or rivers. Each 
of these organizations has a physical director who is an experi- 
enced swimmer and instructor. In addition, thousands of the 
Association members are expert swimmers. This, in addition to 
the discovery of George H. Corsan, a skillful and enthusiastic 
swimming specialist, by the International Committee which was 
in a position to promote the continent-wide campaign, made it 
possible to launch the effort. 

In its earlier stages tTie campaign centered very largely about 
Mr. Corsan, arrangements being made for him to spend one or 
more weeks with an Association conducting a spectacular cam- 
paign. The Association gives the widest possible publicity to the 



APPENDIX 233 

campaign, freely using the mails, printed matter, and, most im- 
portant, the local daily papers. In a large number of instances 
instruction is given without charge to non-members. In many 
cities all the school boys who can not swim receive two or 
three lessons per week. 

The details for caring for such a campaign are worked out 
with great care well in advance. In addition to the publicity 
features the finances are raised by private subscriptions of a few 
or many, or by the Business Men's Club, or the School Board, 
or by some newspaper. In some instances the expenses are cov- 
ered by the swimming exhibition receipts, and instruction or 
new members' fees. 

In free campaigns the non-members are thoroughly examined 
physically, and carefully supervised while receiving their instruc- 
tion. The gratifying results of the campaign thus far are, in a 
large measure, due to the methods of instruction which Mr. 
Corsan has developed. Non-swimmers are taught in groups of 
from ten to seventy-five. 

The crawl stroke is used exclusively for beginners. The arm 
movements of this stroke are first given to the group in the 
" land drill." Each person is then supplied with a pair of water 
wings and enters the water. After properly adjusting the wings, 
he executes the arm movements practiced in the land drill and in 
most instances learns to swim in one or two lessons, so that 
thereafter the wings can be discarded. The entire group receives 
instruction at once, the actual number depending upon the size 
of the pool. Fifteen minutes is usually given as the period for 
the water lesson. 

In order to stimulate an interest in swimming and encourage 
all grades of swimmers, the following tests and awards are in 
very general use. Thousands of Association members qualify 
for these awards each year. 

Beginners' Test: Swim at least fifty feet (any stroke — with 
or without turning). Award — oxidized silver finish button. 

Swimmers' Test: Swim fifty yards (any stroke) ; dive prop- 
erly from dock, side of pool, float or springboard; swim on back 
fifty feet. Award — French gray finish button. 

Leaders' Test: (i) Teach one person to swim fifty feet; (2) 
swim two hundred yards ; (3) dive from surface of water and 



234 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

bring up objects from the bottom (opening eyes) ; (4) swim on 
back fifty yards. Award — Roman gold finish button. 

Life Savers' Test: (i) Dive into from seven to ten feet of 
water and bring from the bottom to the surface a loose bag of 
sand weighing ten pounds ; (2) swim two hundred yards, i.e., one 
hundred yards on back, not using arms or hands, and one hun- 
dred yards any other stroke; (3) demonstrate (a) on land — five 
methods of release; (b) in water — two methods of release; (c) 
rescue and tow person of own weight twenty yards, using two 
different strokes (ten yards each) ; (d) Schaefer method of resus- 
citation. Award — sterling silver watch fob, very neat and dur- 
able.i 

These awards are furnished by the Physical Department of the 
International Committee at a small charge sufficient to cover the 
actual cost. The various awards, however, are supplied with the 
understanding that they are to be awarded only to those persons 
who fully comply with the particular test in the presence of 
three competent witnesses, one of whom is to be the physical 
director or assistant. 

An Association member who rescues another person from 
drowning is eligible to receive the Life Saving Medallion, gold, 
silver, or bronze, according to the degree of danger involved and 
skill shown. These medallions are granted upon application of a 
local Y. M. C. A. which furnishes full particulars of the rescue 
and also cares for the cost. 

As a development of the campaign, about two hundred swim- 
ming and life-saving clubs have been organized during the past 
five years. These clubs have for their object in general, to ad- 
vance the interests of swimming, life saving, and other aquatic 
sports, and particularly to teach swimming and life saving and 
conduct swimming games, contests, and exhibitions. 

There has also been developed a Swimming and Life Saving 
Department of the Athletic League of North America for the 
purpose of promoting, standardizing, and making permanent the 
present interest in swimming and life saving. This organization 
promotes annually the Life Saving Pentathlon Contest consisting 
of five events — 50 yards on back, 75 yards any stroke, 220 yards 
any stroke, towing person, and full dress swim. This contest has 



1 See page 235 for prices, etc. 



APPENDIX 235 

become a part of the activity policy of Associations having pools 
and is doing much to perfect the life-saving ability of large 
numbers of swimmers. 2 
Campaign Results 

Approximately 375,000 persons who could not swim are known 
to have been taught to swim during the past ten years by the 
Young Men's Christian Associations of North America. In ad- 
dition, many thousand swimmers have become good swimmers, 
and good swimmers expert swimmers and life savers. Several 
hundred thousand spectators have listened to lectures and wit- 
nessed demonstrations of swimming and life saving. About 125 
swimming instructors are now (1916) giving part or full time in 
local Associations, where there were none ten years ago. 

Every new Association building contains a pool, larger and 
better equipped than in former years. Students who complete 
physical courses in Association Summer Schools or Training 
Colleges are required to qualify in swimming and life saving. 

Standard Swimming Program 

Every Association with a building to have a swimming pool 
and a Swimming and Life Saving Club with an annual program 
of activities. 

Every Association with a pool to have a full or part time swim- 
ming instructor. 

Every Association member to become a swimmer. 
Every swimmer to become a better swimmer. 
Every good swimmer to be trained as a life saver. 
Every swimming pool to be equipped for refiltration and abso- 
lute sanitation. 

Every pool to be under constant supervision during hours the 
pool is open. 

Swimming Award Prices 
Beginners: 5 cents each; cash with order, 50 at $2.25; 100 at 

$4.00. 
Swimmers: 10 cents each; cash with order, 50 at $4.25; 100 at 

$8.00. 
Leaders: 5 cents each; cash with order, 50 at $2.40; 100 at 

$4.25. 
Life Savers: One dollar each; cash with order, 25 or more at 
$22.50. 

2 See page 232 for details reg'arding this department. 



236 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

Requests for awards should be sent to Physical Department, 
International Committee, 347 Madison Avenue, New York. 

SUGGESTED CONSTITUTION OF THE SWIMMING AND 

LIFE SAVING CLUB OF THE YOUNG MEN'S 

CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION 

Article i. Name. — This organization is a branch of the 
Young Men's Christian Association International Swimming and 
Life Saving Corps and shall be known as ** The Swimming and 
Life Saving Club of the Young Men's Christian Association." 

Article 2. Object. — Its object shall be to advance the inter- 
ests of swimming and life saving and aquatic sports in general, 
and to that end to teach swimming and life saving, and to con- 
duct games, competitions, and exhibitions, also to maintain and 
regulate teams, therefore acting in harmony with the purposes of 
the Association and under the jurisdiction of its Physical Com- 
mittee. 

Article 3. Membership. 

Section i. QualiUcation. — Any member of the Young Men's 
Christian Association who is entitled to the privileges of the 
Physical Department may become a member of this Club by 
signing this Constitution and paying the membership fee herein- 
after prescribed. 

Section 2. Fees. — The fees for membership in the Club shall 
be fifty cents ($.50) a year, payable in advance. 

Section 3. Renewals. — The renewal fees shall be fifty cents 
($.50) but, if paid on or before the annual meeting, the member 
shall receive a renewal membership card, which will admit him- 
self and lady to public exhibitions. 

Section 4. Charter Members. — All persons becoming members 

on or before shall be designated as Charter 

Members. 

Article 4. Officers. 

Section i. The officers of this Club shall be : President, Vice- 
President, Secretary-Treasurer, and two Directors, who shall be 
elected by ballot at the annual meeting, for a term of one year 
or until their successors are chosen, a majority of all votes cast 
being necessary for election. 

Section 2, Newly elected officers shall take office immediately 
upon the adjournment of the meeting at which they are elected. 

Section 3. It shall be the duty of the President to preside at 
all business meetings and supervise the general work of the Club. 
He shall be an ex-officio member of all committees. He shall ap- 
point all committees not otherwise provided for, and shall have 
power to dissolve any committee appointed by him, if in his 
opinion it is not fulfilling the duties assigned to it. The presi- 
dent shall during the month of March each year forward an 



APPENDIX 237 

Annual Report for the Club to the Secretary of the National 
Corps in New York. This report will include a presentation of 
things accomplished and contemplated and also a brief financial 
statement. 

Section 4. The Vice-President, in the absence of the Presi- 
dent, shall perform the usual duties of his office. 

Section 5. The Secretary-Treasurer shall keep the official copy 
of the constitution and an accurate record of all meetings, give 
notice to members of meetings, and perform all other duties 
which properly appertain to the office. As treasurer, he shall 
receive all moneys belonging to the Club and disburse the same 
on the order of the President, provided that no expense be in- 
curred unless authorized by the Club or the Executive Committee. 
He shall submit a monthly report to the Physical Board at their 
meeting, such report to contain: (i) An account of the work 
of the Club for the preceding month; (2) the plans made for 
future work ; and (3) a financial statement of receipts and dis- 
bursements for the month with vouchers attached. 

Section 6. The two Directors, together with the President, 
Vice-President, and Secretary-Treasurer, shall constitute the 
Executive Committee, who shall transact all business of the Club 
during the intervals between meetings. 

Section 7. Vacancies in offices shall be filled by the Executive 
Committee. Vacancies in team captainships may be declared by 
the President, when necessary. His successor to be chosen by 
the team. 

Article 5. Meetings. 

Section i. The annual meeting shall be held during the month 
of April, and a semi-annual meeting in November. 

Section 2. Special Meetings. Special meetings may be called 
at any time at the discretion of the President or at the written 
request of five members. 

Section 3. Notice of M.eetings. The Secretary -Treasurer 
shall mail members notice of all Club meetings. 

Section 4. Quorum. Seven members shall constitute a 
quorum at any meeting of the Club. 

Article 6. Committees. 

Such committees may be appointed by the Club or President, 
as may be thought desirable. 

Article 7. Colors and Uniforms. 

Section i. Colors. The Club colors shall be the standard red, 
white, and blue adopted by the Association. 

Section 2. Uniform. The uniform shall be a one-piece red 
bathing suit. 

Article 8. 

Section i. Teams. A representative swimming team for com- 
petitive work against other teams shall be selected by the swim- 
ming captain and the physical director. Representative water 



238 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

polo and life saving teams shall be selected in like manner by re- 
spective captains and physical directors. 

Section 2. Captains. The Captains for the various teams shall 
be selected at the annual meeting by the Club members who have 
represented the Association during the year in open events. 

Article 9. Amendments. 

This Constitution may be amended at any meeting by a three- 
fourths vote of the members present, provided that the proposed 
amendment shall have been submitted in writing at a meeting at 
least two weeks previous and all members notified regarding the 



LIFE-SAVING PENTATHLON 

SCORING TABLES 

A. L. N. A. League Letter XV. Supplement 

A new method of scoring athletic events is here presented. It 
is scientific and is based on the fact that it requires much more 
ability to reduce the time or increase the distance of an event as 
the " record " is approached ; therefore, to recognize fairly a 
person's skill, every fifth of a second in time or inch in distance 
should increase in scoring value as the " record " is neared. 

The method of scoring is simple. Consult the table for the 
particular event. Locate the time that was made and directly 
opposite will be found the number of points it represents. 

Swimming in pools presents a special problem, owing to the 
matter of turns. Time can be gained from the turns and push 
ofY. These tables are based on a standard 75 foot pool. Where 
a pool is shorter and the required number of turns for an event 
is more than is indicated on the table, the proper deduction for 
each extra turn should be made as follows : 

50 yds. on back 34 sec. 

75 yds. ^ H sec. 

25 yds. towing ^ sec. 

220 yds. I sec. 

Full Dress i sec. 

In submitting reports of the contest the exact length of the 
pool and the number of turns should be stated without fail. 
Also mention whether deductions for turns have been made. 

William H. Ball. 



APPENDIX 



239 



SPECIAL REQUEST 

For purposes of special study it will be greatly appreciated if 
each Physical Director will send reports of all obtainable time or 
distance made in any or all swimming events. Names are not 
needed, but state length of pool and indicate boys' time by a 
mark. 



50 Yards on Back 









One 


Turn 








30 sees. 


1000 


38 sees. 


329 


46 sees. 


119 


54 sees. 


32 


I 


964 


I 


321 


I 


116 


I 


31 


2 


929 


2 


313 


2 


113 


2 


30 


3 


l?5 


3 


306 


3 


no 


3 


29 


4 


862 


4 


299 


4 


107 


4 


28 


31 


830 


39 


292 


47 


104 


55 


27 


I 


800 


I 


285 


I 


lOI 


I 


26 


2 


772 


2 


278 


2 


98 


2 


25 


3 


746 


3 


271 


3 


95 


3 


24 


4 


722 


4 


264 


4 


92 


4 


23 


32 


701 


40 


258 


48 


89 


56 


22 


I 


680 


I 


252 


I 


9,6 


I 


21 


2 


660 


2 


246 


2 


84 


2 


20 


3 


640 


3 


240 


3 


82 


3 


19 


4 


621 


4 


234 


4 


80 


4 


18 


33 


603 


41 


228 


49 


78 


57 


17 


1 


586 


I 


222 


I 


76 


I 


16 


2 


570 


2 


216 


2 


74 


2 


IS 


3 


SSS^ 


3 


211 


3 


72 


3 


14 


4 


543 


4 


206 


4 


I?, 


4 


13 


34 


529 


42 


201 


SO 


68 


58 


12 


I 


S16 


I 


196 


I 


66 


I 


II 


2 


503 


2 


^V. 


2 


64 


2 


10 


3 


491 


3 


186 


3 


62 


3 


9 


4 


479 


4 


181 


4 


60 


4 


8 


35 


468 


43 


176 


51 


5? 


59 


7 


I 


457 


I 


171 


I 


56 


I 


6 


2 


446 


2 


167 


2 


54 


2 


5 


3 


436 


3 


163 


3 


52 


3 


4 


4 


430 


4 


159 


4 


50 


4 


3 


36 


416 


44 


155 


52 


48 


60 


2 


I 


406 


I 


151 


I 


46 


I 


I 


2 


397 


2 


147 


2 


44 






3 


388 


3 


143 


3 


42 






4 


379 


4 


139 


4 


40 






37 


370 


45 


I3S 


53 


38 






I 


361 


I 


131 


I 


36 






2 


353 


2 


128 


2 


35 






3 


345 


3 


125 


3 


34 






4 


337 


4 


122 


4 


33 












75 Yard Swim 














Two Turns 










40 sees. 


1000 


48 sees. 163 


56 sees 


42 






I 


935 


I 


158 


I 


41 






2 


877 


2 


153 


2 


40 






3 


824 


3 


148 


3 


39 






4 


776 


4 


143 


4 


38 





240 



PHYSICAL EDUCATION 



41 



42 



43 



44 



45 



46 



47 



[ 


732 


49 


139 


57 


37 


I 


692 


I 


135 


I 


36 


2 


656 


2 


131 


2 


35 


3 


623 


3 


127 


3 


34 


4 


590 


4 


123 


4 
58 


33 

32 


s 


563 


50 


119 


I 


31 


I 


537 


I 


115 


2 


30 


2 


512 


2 


III 


3 


29 


3 


488 


3 


107 


4 
59 


28 
27 


4 


46s 


4 


103 


I 


26 


{ 


443 


51 


100 


2 


25 


I 


422 


I 


97 


3 


24 


2 


402 


2 


94 


4 


23 


3 


383 


3 


91 


60 


22 


4 


365 


4 


88 


I 


21 


t 


348 


52 


85 


2 


20 


I 


332 


I 


82 


3 


19 


2 


317 


2 


79 


4 


18 


3 


303 


3 


76 


I min 


I sec. 17 


4 


290 


4 


73 


I 


16 


) 


278 


53 


71 


2 


15 


I 


267 


I 


69 


3 


14 


2 


257 


2 


67 


4 


13 


3 


247 


3 


65 


I min. 


2 sec. 12 


4 


238 


4 


^J 


I 


11 


> 


229 


54 


61 


2 


10 


I 


221 


I 


59 


3 


9 


2 


213 


2 


57 


4 


8 


3 


206 


3 


55 


I min. 


3 sec. 7 


4 


199 


4 


53 


I 


6 


7 


192 


55 


51 


2 


5 


I 


186 


I 


49 


3 


4 


2 


180 


2 


47 


4 . 


3 


3 


174 


3 


45 


I min. 


4 sec. 2 


4 


168 


4 


43 


I 


I 



25 sees. 


1000 


I 


935 


2 


877 


3 


824 


4 


776 


26 


732 


I 


692 


2 


656 


3 


623 


4 


590 


27 


563 


I 


537 


2 


512 


3 


488 


4 


46s 


28 


443 


I 


422 


2 


402 


3 


383 



25 Yards Towing 
No Turns 



33 sees. 



34 



35 



36 



365 



163 

158 
153 
148 
143 
139 
135 
131 

127 
123 
119 
115 

III 
107 
103 

100 

97 
94 
91 

88 



41 sees. 



%2 



45 



42 
41 
40 
39 
38 
37 
36 
35 
34 
33 
32 
31 
30 
29 
28 
27 
26 
25 
24 
23 
22 
21 



APPENDIX 241 





29 


348 




37 


85 




2 




20 






I 


332 




I 


82 




3 




19 






2 


317 




2 


79 




4 




18 






3 


303 




3 


76 




46 




17 






4 


290 




4 


72 




I 




16 






30 


278 




38 


71 




2 




IS 






I 


267 




I 


69 




3 




14 






2 


2S7 




2 


67 




4 




13 






3 


2A7 




3 


65 




47 




12 






4 


238 




4 


63 




I 




II 






31 


229 




39 


61 




2 




10 






I 


221 




I 


59 




3 




9 






2 


213 




2 


57 




4 




8 






3 


206 




3 


55 




48 




7 






4 


199 




4 


53 




I 




6 






32 


192 




40 


51 




2 




5 






I 


186 




I 


49 




3 




4 






2 


180 




2 


47 




4 




3 






3 


174 




3 


45 




49 




2 






4 


168 




4 


43 




I 




I 












220 Yards 




















Eight Turns 












2 min. 




2 min. 




2 min. 




2 min 






3 min. 




18 sees. 1000 


28 sees, 


. 640 


38 sees 


. 427 


48 sees. 


296 


6 sees. 


175 


I 


990 


I 


634 


I 


424 


I 




294 


7 


170 


2 


981 


2 


629 


2 


421 


2 




292 


8 


165 


3 


972 


3 


624 


3 


418 


3 




290 


9 


160 


4 


963 


4 


619 


4 


415 


4 




288 


10 


155 


19 


954 


29 


614 


39 


412 


49 




286 


II 


150 


I 


945 


I 


609 


I 


409 


I 




284 


12 


145 


2 


937 


2 


604 


2 


406 


2 




282 


13 


140 


3 


929 


3 


599 


3 


403 


3 




280 


14 


135 


4 


921 


4 


594 


4 


400 


4 




278 


15 


130 


20 


913 


30 


589 


40 


397 


50 




276 


16 


125 


I 


905 


I 


584 


I 


394 


I 




274 


17 


120 


2 


897 


2 


579 


2 


391 


2 




272 


18 


115 


3 


889 


3 


574 


3 


388 


3 




270 


19 


no 


4 


881 


4 


569 


4 


385 


4 




268 


20 


105 


21 


873 


31 


564 


41 


382 


51 




266 


21 


100 


I 


865 


I 


559 


I 


379 


I 




264 


22 


95 


2 


858 


2 


555 


2 


376 


2 




262 


23 


90 


3 


851 


3 


551 


3 


Z7Z 


3 




260 


24 


85 


4 


844 


4 


547 


4 


370 


4 




258 


25 


80 


22 


836 


32 


543 


42 


367 


52 




256 


26 


75 


I 


829 


I 


539 


I 


364 


I 




254 


27 


70 


2 


822 


2 


535 


2 


361 


2 




252 


28 


55 


3 


815 


3 


531 


3 


358 


3 




250 


29 


60 


4 


808 


4 


527 


4 


355 


4 




248 


30 


55 


23 


801 


33 


523 


43 


352 


53 




246 


31 


50 


I 


794 


I 


519 


I 


349 


I 




244 


32 


45 


2 


787 


2 


515 


2 


346 


2 




242 


33 


40 


3 


780 


3 


511 


3 


343 


3 




240 


34 


35 


4 


773 


4 


507 


4 


340 


4 




238 


35 


30 


24 


766 


34 


503 


44 


337 


54 




2^6 


36 


25 


I 


759 


I 


499 


I 


334 


I 




234 


37 


20 


2 


752 


2 


495 


2 


332 


2 




232 


38 


15 


3 


745 


3 


491 


3 


330 


3 




230 


39 


10 


4 


738 


4 


487 


4 


328 


4 




228 


40 


5 


25 


731 


35 


483 


45 


326 


55 




226 


41 





I 


724 


I 


479 


I 


324 


I 




225 






2 


718 


2 


475 


2 


322 


2 




224 






3 


712 


3 


471 


3 


320 


3 




223 






4 


706 


4 


467 


4 


318 


4 




222 







242 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 



26 


700 


36 


463 


46 


316 


56 


221 






I 


694 


I 


459 


I 


314 


57 


216 






2 


688 


2 


455 


2 


312 


58 


211 






3 


682 


3 


451 


3 


310 


59 . 


206 






4 


676 


4 


447 


4 


308 


3 mm. 


201 






27 


670 


37 


443 


47 


306 


I sec. 


200 






I 


664 


I 


439 


I 


304 


2 


195 






2 


658 


2 


436 


2 


302 


3 


190 






3 


652 


3 


433 


3 


300 


4 


185 






4 


646 


4 


430 


4 


298 


5 


180 












Full Dress 


Swim 


















One Turn 










I min. 




I min. 




I min. 


1 


: min. 




2 min. 




25 sees. 


1000 


35 sees. 


, 660 


45 sees. 


495 


55 sees. 


380 


13 sees. 


250 


I 


979 


I 


656 


I 


492 


I 


378 


14 


245 


2 


962 


2 


652 


2 


489 


2 


376 


15 


240 


3 


947 


3 


648 


3 


486 


3 


374 


16 


235 


4 


933 


4 


644 


4 


483 


4 


372 


17 


230 


26 


920 


36 


640 


46 


480 


56 


370 


18 


22s 


I 


908 


I 


636 


I 


477 


I 


368 


19 


220 


2 


897 


2 


632 


2 


474 


2 


366 


20 


215 


3 


887 


3 


628 


3 


471 


3 


364 


21 


210 


4 


878 


4 


624 


4 


468 


4 


362 


22 


205 


27 


870 


37 


620 


47 


465 


57 


360 


23 


200 


I 


863 




616 


I 


462 


I 


358 


24 


195 


2 


856 


2 


612 


2 


459 


2 


356 


25 


190 


3 


849 


3 


608 


3 


456 


3 


354 


26 


185 


4 


842 


4 


604 


4 


453 


4 


352 


27 


180 


28 


?^5 


38 


600 


48 


450 


58 


350 


28 


175 


I 


829 


I 


597 


I 


448 


I 


348 


29 


170 


2 


823 


2 


594 


2 


446 


2 


346 


30 


165 


3 


817 


3 


591 


3 


444 


3 


344 


31 


160 


4 


811 


4 


588 


4 


442 


4 


342 


32 


155 


29 


805 


39 


585 


49 


440 


59 


340 


33 


150 


I 


799 


I 


582 


I 


438 


I 


338 


34 


145 


2 


793 


2 


579 


2 


436 


2 


336 


35 


140 


3 


787 


3 


576 


3 


434 


3 


334 


36 


135 


4 


781 


4 


573 


4 


432 


4 . 


332 


37 


130 


30 


775 


40 


570 


50 


430 


2 mm. 


330 


38 


I2S 


I 


770 


I 


567 


I 


428 


I 


328 


40 


120 


2 


765 


2 


564 


2 


426 


2 


326 


42 


IIS 


3 


760 


3 


561 


3 


424 


3 


324 


44 


no 


4 


755 


4 


558 


4 


422 


4 


322 


46 


los 


31 


750 


41 


555 


51 


420 


I sec. 


320 


48 


100 


I 


745 


I 


552 


I 


418 


I 


318 


50 


95 


2 


740 


2 


549 


2 


416 


2 


316 


52 


90 


3 


735 


3 


546 


3 


414 


3 


314 


54 


P 


4 


730 


4 


543 


4 


412 


4 


312 


56 


80 


32 


725 


42 


540 


52 


410 


2 sees, 


. 310 


58 


75 


I 


720 


I 


537 


I 


408 


I 


308 


3 min. 


70 


2 


715 


2 


534 


2 


406 


2 


306 


3 sees. 65 


3 


710 


3 


531 


3 


404 


3 


304 


6 


60 


4 


705 


4 


528 


4 


402 


4 


302 


9 


55 


33 


700 


43 


525 


S3 


400 


3 sees. 


. 300 


12 


50 


I 


696 


I 


522 


I 


398 


4 


295 


1 1; 


45 


2 


692 


2 


519 


2 


396 


5 


290 


18 


40 


3 


688 


3 


516 


3 


394 


6 


285 


21 


35 


4 


684 


4 


513 


4 


392 


7 


280 


24 


30 


34 


680 


44 


510 


54 


390 


8 


275 


27 


25 


I 


676 


I 


507 


I 


388 


9 


270 


30 


20 


2 


672 


2 


504 


2 


386 


10 


265 


33 


IS 


3 


668 


3 


501 


3 


384 


II 


260 


36 


10 


4 


664 


4 


498 


4 


382 


12 


255 


39 
42 


5 





APPENDIX 243 

THE ATHLETIC LEAGUE OF THE YOUNG MEN'S 

CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION OF NORTH 

AMERICA 

March, 1916 

News Letter XV 

LIFE SAVING PENTATHLON 

Eligibility. Any Swimming or Life Saving organization 
connected with a Young Men's Christian Association holding 
membership in the Athletic League of North America may enter 
the contest — A.L.N.A. membership including Life Saving De- 
partment $2.50 per year or Swimming and Life Saving Depart- 
ment only, $2.00 per year. 

Any member of such Association entitled to Physical Depart- 
ment privileges who will upon his honor sign the Amateur 
Declaration may participate. 

Entries. Club entries close March 31st, 1917, with William 
H. Ball, 124 East 28th St., New York. Individual entries may be 
accepted at any time before the local contest closes. There is no 
entry fee. Simply fill out blank. 

Each contestant is to sign the Amateur Declaration before 
participating in any event. 

Classification. Associations having a total membership 
of 2,000 or over are in Class A, those under 2,000 and above 749 
in Class B, while those under 750 are in Qass Q. 

Any number of members may compete in one or more events. 
In Class A the scores of the best ten contestants in each event 
shall be recorded, in Class B the scores of the best eight, and in 
Class C the scores of the best six. 

Date and Conditions of Contest. Any days (except Sun- 
day) may be selected between April 1-15 inclusive. 

If there are twenty-five or less competitors the entire contest is 
to be conducted in one three-hour period. 

Where the number of participants exceeds twenty-five, one 
three-hour period for each of two days may be used, and where 
the number competing is more than fifty, three dates may be 
used. 

All five events are to be conducted during a period of three 
consecutive hours on any one day. 



244 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

A competitor may try one or more events as desired. He 
may try eacIT event but once. 

In all matters not stated in this pamphlet the rules of the 
A.L.N.A. shall govern this contest. 

The distance of each event shall be measured by three thor- 
oughly competent persons. 

Events. The program of events may be arranged in any 
way to suit local convenience. 

75 yds. — Any stroke. To start the 75 and 220 yd. events each 
competitor shall stand with one or both feet on the starting line, 
and when the signal is given shall plunge. Stepping back, either 
before or after the signal, will not be allowed. 

50 3;^^. on hack — any stroke. Start in the water, facing the 
starting mark, both hands and feet in contact with the end of the 
pool. The push off at each turn to be from the foregoing 
position. 

220 yds. — any stroke. (See 75 yd. event.) 

Towing Person 25 yds. — any stroke. The person to be towed 
must weigh within 5 lbs. of the weight of the contestant and 
wear a bathing suit (i or 2 piece). During the event his feet 
shall be firmly tied at the ankles, his arms folded upon his chest, 
the body rigid. Absolutely no movement shall be made by him, 
either to assist or interfere with the swimmer. To start, stand 
in the water at the shallow end of the pool grasping the person 
to be towed. Any holds or strokes may be used but the person 
must be towed, not pushed before the swimmer. 

Full Dress Swim. Fully dressed in street apparel, i.e. : 

1. One- or two-piece bathing suit. 

2. Leather lace shoes with ten eyelets, four of which may be 

hooks properly laced and securely fastened. 

3. Socks. 

4. Coat shirt with three or more sewn buttons and one collar 

button, stiff collar properly attached and four-in-hand tie 
properly tied. 

5. Trousers fully buttoned and with belt passed through straps 

or suspenders. 

6. Vest, six buttons, fully buttoned. 

7. Coat fully buttoned with at least three buttons. 

Stand at one end of the pool with hands in coat pockets. At 
starting signal remove coat and shoes and immediately plunge 



APPENDIX 245 

from end of pool aiid swim 90 ft. At this point and without 
delay dive from the surface to a depth of at least 6 ft. and bring 
to the surface a bag of loose, clean sand. Drop sand bag and 
remove all clothing but bathing suit. Swim 10 ft. to finish. 

Bag of Sand: Seashore sand is recommended. Where not 
available very small pebbles may be used. The bag to be 18 
inches square and made of heavy white drilling. 

In all events the finish mark to be one end of the pool or a 
rope stretched taut across the pool 18 inches above level of 
water. 

Each competitor shall keep a straight course, parallel with the 
course of the other competitors, from the starting station to 
the opposite point in the finish line. Any competitor who, when 
out of his own water, shall touch another competitor, is liable to 
disqualification from that event, subject to the discretion of the 
Referee. 

Each competitor shall have finished the race when any part of 
his person reaches the finish line. 

Officials. The necessary officials shall be a referee, three 
or more timekeepers, two or more judges, and a starter. 

The conditions under which this contest will be conducted 
make possible wide variations. It is therefore requested that 
strict interpretation of rules be followed and that the greatest 
care be exercised in the selection of officials. Accuracy must be 
insisted upon in timing, measuring, and judging. (See Athletic 
League Hand-book for rules governing officials.) 

Reports. All reports are to be made on blanks furnished 
by the A.L.N.A. and mailed to the New York Office not later 
than April 20th. 

Incomplete reports will not be accepted. 

Trophy. A beautiful Shield Trophy will be presented to 
the winning Swimming Organization in each Class, A, B and C. 

Scoring. The Committee is developing scoring tables for 
this contest on a new scientific basis. These tables are to be 
ready by March 15th and will be forwarded to all clubs making 
entry. Point scoring should be done with the utmost care. 
If for any reason scoring tables are not received, the contest may 
be conducted. 

Suggestions. Take what sanitary precautions may seem 



246 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

necessary in connection with the use of street clothing, etc., in 
the pool. 

Provide a comfortable warm rest place for the contestant be- 
tween events. He may compete in one or more events as 
desired. 

TITLES AND GRADING OF PHYSICAL DIRECTORS 

John Brown, Jr., M.D., M.P.E. 

(For the Committee of Ten) 

At the meeting of the Committee of Ten on Titles and Classi- 
fications of Physical Directors, held at LeRoy, Ohio, May, 1916, 
the following requirements for the various titles were decided 
upon. 

All applicants for the title of " Director of Physical Educa- 
tion *' must have the following minimum preliminary require- 
ments : 

1. High School education or its equivalent. 

2. Full attendance upon at least one conference of the Physical 

Directors* Society. 

3. Full attendance and completion of at least one term at the 

Physical Department School of an Association standard 
Summer School. 

4. Satisfactory experience of not less than two years as a 

Physical Director in charge of the Physical Department of 
an Association. 
Experience in physical work outside the Association is rated 
as equal to half time experience in the Association, provided 
the experience is satisfactory to the Committee. 

Except where specifically stated otherwise, experience as an 
Assistant Director, or as a Boys' Department Physical Director 
in the Association, counts the same as experience in charge of 
the Physical Department of the Association. 

The following are the requirements for the various grades and 
titles as revised : 

GRADE "A" 
" Director of Physical Education " 
I. 

(a) High School education or its equivalent; 

(b) Full attendance at one annual meeting of Physical 

Directors' Society Conference; 



II. 



III. 



APPENDIX 247 

(c) Full attendance and completion of one term in the 
Physical Department School of a standard Associa- 
tion Summer School covering four units of ten 
periods each; 

{d) Graduation from the regular course in physical educa- 
tion in an Association College; 

(e) Four years' experience as Physical Director in Asso- 
ciation work, two years of which shall be as director 
in full charge of the Physical Department. 

(a) High School education or its equivalent; 

{h) Full attendance at two annual meetings of Physical 
Directors' Society Conference; 

(c) Full attendance and completion of three years in a 
standard Association Summer School ; 

{d) Graduation from a reputable Medical School; 

{e) Five years' experience as Physical Director in Asso- 
ciation work, three years of which shall be as direc- 
tor in full charge of the Physical Department. 



(a) High School education or its equivalent; 

(6) Full attendance at two annual meetings of Physical 

Directors' Society Conference; 
(c) Full attendance and completion of three years in a 

standard Association Summer School; 
{d) Graduation in Arts or Science from a reputable Col- 
lege ; 
{e) Five years' experience as Physical Director in Asso- 
ciation work, three years of which shall be as 
director in full charge of the Physical Department. 
Note i — Where applicant has had both Association College, 
Medical or Academic training, extra years may count for half 
time in filling out the required years of experience. In no case, 
however, shall the actual experience required be less than two 
years. 

Note 2 — Where an applicant has had less than the full course 
in Association College, Medical or Academic training, one ad- 
ditional year of experience shall be required in charge of an 
Association Physical Department for each year's college work 
lacking. 



248 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

IV. 

(a) High School education or its equivalent; 

{h) Ten years* experience as Physical Director in Associa- 
tion work, five of which shall be as director in full 
charge of the Physical Department ; 

(c) A thesis of not less than 5,000 words on some subject 
pertaining to physical education, to be determined by 
the Examining Board ; 

{d) K minimum requirement of attendance and comple- 
tion of five seasons' work in a standard Association 
Summer School; 

(^) A minimum requirement of attendance upon four 
annual conferences of the Physical Directors' So- 
ciety ; 

(/) A minimum requirement of reviews of five books 
suggested by the Examining Board. 
Note — The applicant must make a total of ten points by some 
combination of the requirements of (cf), {e) and (/), allowing 
points as follows : 

Each year's attendance at Summer School i pt. 

Attendance at Physical Directors' Society ^ pt. 

Every five books reviewed i pt. 

GRADE " B " 
'' Director of Physical Activities " 
Note — The minimum requirements for all applicants for 
Grade " B " include High School education or its equivalent ; one 
year's experience in Association Physical Work; attendance 
upon one Summer School session, or a Physical Directors' So- 
ciety Annual Conference. 
I. 

(o) Graduation from course in Physical Education of an 

Association College ; 
{h) One year's experience as Physical Director in Asso- 
ciation work; 
(cj One year's Summer School, or attendance upon one 
Annual Conference of the Physical Directors' So- 
ciety. 
TI. 

(a) Graduation from a reputable Medical College; 



APPENDIX 249 

(b) Three years' experience as Physical Director in Asso- 

ciation work; 

(c) Two years' attendance at the Physical Institute of a 

Standard Association Summer School. 

(d) Attendance at one annual conference of the Physical 

Directors^ Society. 



III. 



(a) Graduation in Arts or Science from a reputable col- 

lege; 

(b) Three years' experience as Physical Director in Asso- 

ciation work; 

(c) Full attendance and completion of two years in a 

standard Association Summer School ; 

(d) Attendance at one annual conference of the Physical 

Directors' Society. 

Note i — Where the applicant has had both Association Col- 
lege, Medical or Academic training, the extra years may count 
for half-time in filling out the required years of experience. 

Note 2 — Where the applicant has less than the full course in 
Association College, Medical or Academic training, one ad- 
ditional year of experience shall be required to complete the qual- 
ification. 
IV. 

(a) High School education or its equivalent; 

(b) Seven years* experience as Physical Director in Asso- 

ciation work, three years of which shall be as direc- 
tor in full charge of the Physical Department; 

(c) A thesis of not less than 3,000 words on some subject 

pertaining to physical education to be determined by 
the Examining Board; 

(d) ^ minimum requirement of four years' attendance at 

a standard Association Summer School ; 

(e) A minimum requirement of attendance at two annual 

conferences of the Physical Directors' Society; 
(/) A minimum requirement of reviews of three books 
suggested by the Examining Board. 
Note — The applicant must make a total of ten points by some 
combination of (d), (e) and (/), allowing points as follows: 
Each year's Summer School attendance i point 



250 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

Attendance at Physical Directors' Society Confer- 
ence I point 

Every three books reviewed i point 

GRADE " C " 

" Physical Instructor " 
I. 

(a) Graduates of Association Colleges, or of courses in 

Medicine, Arts, or Science are granted this grade 
upon entrance into the Association's Physical Direc- 
torship in any capacity; 

(b) Any combination of years of High School education, 

years of attendance at Summer School, years of ex- 
perience, or attendance upon Physical Directors' So- 
ciety Annual Conference, making a total of ten 
points, for example : 

3 yrs. High School (3), 2 yrs. Summer School (2), 
4 yrs. experience (4), attendance at one annual con- 
ference of the Physical Directors' Society (i), 10. 

GRADE " D " 
"Gymnastic Instructor" 

All those who do not qualify for any of the higher grades but 
who have demonstrated their ability to organize, conduct, and 
promote general physical activity and who are engaged in the 
Physical Department of the Association. 

Those who have not yet sent in their application blanks, should 
send for them at once. 

No application will be acted upon by the Committee unless the 
applicant is a member of the Physical Directors' Society. 

The application must be accompanied by a fee of $5.00, which 
covers the cost of diplomas and other expenses incident to the 
work of the Committee. No other fee is charged when request 
for a higher grading is made, or additional diplomas granted. 

CONSTITUTION OF THE LEADERS' CLUB 

NAME 

Article I. 

This organization shall be known as the Leaders' Club of the 
Young Men's Christian Association of 



APPENDIX 251 

OBJECT 
Article II. 

The object of the Leaders' Club shall be to assist the Physical 

Department committee and the Physical Director in carrying out 

the objective of the Physical Department of the Young Men's 

Christian Association, especially in the development of a high 

standard of Christian manhood and the promotion of physical 

education in general and among the members of the Young 

Men's Christian Association in particular. 

MEMBERSHIP 

Article III. 

Section i. The membership of this organization shall be re- 
stricted to those who are full privilege members of the Physical 

Department of Young Men's Christian 

Association. 

Section 2. Membership shall be classified as follows : hon- 
orary, active, ex-leaders and boys. 

(Note). The Leaders' Club in the Association may be organ- 
ized as one club, the same to include the men's and boys' di- 
visions. However, such divisions of the club may be organized 
as is desired, and each division may have jurisdiction over its 
own affairs, including the selection of its members, study course 
and work, so long as they are in conformity with the general aim 
of the club. 

Section 3. Honorary leaders are those who have acquired one 
or more gold stars and have retired from active service. The 
club may also elect to the honorary membership men who have 
contributed a special service to physical education. 

Section 4. Active leaders are those who are engaged in the 
active work of the Physical Department. 

Section 5. Ex-leaders are those who have severed their con- 
nection with the Leaders' Club before completing the four year 
course. 

Section 6. Boys' leaders are those who are engaged in the 
activities of the physical work for boys and members of the 
boys' division. 

Section /. Election of any of the above classes of members 
shall be by ballot upon recommendation to the club by the Physi- 
cal Director and the Membership Committee. A unanimous vote 
of active members present at any meeting of the club shall be 



252 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

necessary for election. It may be wise to nominate new members 
one meeting before election. 

Section 8. The annual dues of $ shall be paid by each 

member upon election to the club and at the annual meetings 
thereafter. 

Section g. Any member who is unfaithful, or who absents 
himself from the regular work of the club for one month, with- 
out reasonable excuse, shall be dropped from the active mem- 
bership of the club. 

Section lo. Boys' leaders having served four years may be 
elected to the men's section, when voted upon in the regular man- 
ner, and shall receive the first year emblem of the men's division. 

OFFICERS 
Article IV. 

Section i. The officers of the club shall be : President, Vice- 
President, Secretary-Treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at 
the annual meeting. 

Section 2. The General Secretary, the Physical Director and 
associates and the chairman of the Physical Department commit- 
tee shall be members ex officio, and these with the regular in- 
stalled officers shall compose the executive committee. 

REQUIREMENTS FOR GRADING 
Article V. 

Section i. The requirements for active grading shall be reg- 
ular attendance at the weekly meetings of the club on meeting 
periods, and regular attendance on evenings selected by active 
members as teaching periods, except when valid excuse for ab- 
sence can be given. 

Section 2. Verbal or written excuse shall be given to the 
Physical Director when absence from weekly meeting is un- 
avoidable ; if for an evening on which the leader is to have 
charge of a squad, he shall secure a substitute, or notify the 
Physical Director of his inability to secure one, as soon as said 
leader has knowledge of his necessary absence. When such 
notice is given, the member shall be given one-half mark for at- 
tendance. The same method of marking shall be used for 
attendance at business meetings. 

Section 3. When any member of the Physical Department has 
been elected as a leader he shall be presented to the club by the 



APPENDIX 253 

President at the next business meeting. An initiation service 
may be a part of the program. 

EMBLEMS 

Article VI. 

Section i. The men's emblem shall be a 5" royal blue triangle, 
sides 54" wide, with an interwoven English L, and shall be pre- 
sented after the leader has fulfilled the requirements of the first 
year. No emblem shall be worn by anyone who has not followed 
the regular course as outlined for leaders. 

Section 2. The first year leaders shall wear a single Ya" crim- 
son star in the apex point of the triangle, which shall be pre- 
sented with the emblem upon fulfilment of requirements of the 
first year. 

Section 3. The second year leaders shall wear 2 crimson stars, 
one in each upper point of the triangle, which shall be presented 
upon fulfilment of requirement of the second year. 

Section 4. The third year leaders shall wear 3 crimson stars, 
one in each point of the triangle, which shall be presented upon 
fulfilment of the requirement of the third year. 

Section 5. The fourth year leaders remove all crimson stars 
and wear one gold star in the apex point of the triangle, which 
shall be presented upon fulfilment of the requirements of the 
fourth year. 

Section 6. Each active leader who has passed the examina- 
tions and the requirements and who has taught not less than 15 
lessons of graded classes during the season shall receive the em- 
blem or stars as provided for. These may be presented at the 
annual meeting or at the gymnasium men's banquet. 

Section 7. The boys' emblem shall be same as men's, size to be 
4" and shall be presented after the leader has fulfilled the require- 
ments of the first year. 

Section 8. The first year boy leaders shall wear a single ^'' 
crimson star in the base of the triangle. 

Section 9. The second year boy leaders shall wear 2 crimson 
stars, one in each upper point of triangle, which shall be pre- 
sented upon fulfilment of requirements of the second year. 

Section 10. The third year boy leaders shall wear 3 crimson 
stars, one in each point of the triangle, which shall be presented 
upon fulfilment of requirement of the third year. 



254 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

Section ii. The fourth year leaders remove all crimson stars 
and wear one gold star in the apex point of the triangle and this 
shall be presented after fulfilment of the requirements of the 
fourth year. 

Section 12. Leaders remaining active after attaining the gold 
star may retain the gold star and begin again v^ith crimson stars. 
Should any remain 8 years, 2 gold stars shall be presented, one 
gold star at each of the upper points of the triangle. These 
leaders are exempt from all requirements except the weekly 
meeting and the leading of squads or classes. 

EXAMINATIONS 
Article VII. 

Section i. An examination shall be held annually under the 
direction of the local Association; the examination questions to 
be supplied by the Physical Department of the International 
Committee. 

Section 2, The examinations shall consist of three parts, each 
part to be marked on the basis of 100 per cent, the parts to be 
as follows : (a) an examination in theory (first aid, nomencla- 
ture, hygiene, etc.) ; (b) an examination in the gymnasium to 
determine the leaders' gymnastic ability; (c) an examination in 
the gymnasium where the leader shall conduct squads or classes 
to demonstrate his leadership and ability in drills, apparatus 
work, etc. 

Section 3. One year's work shall consist of 20 hours of the- 
oretical work and 20 hours of practical work for grading. The 
order in which the courses shall be taught shall be optional with 
the physical director. It shall be understood, however, that not 
less than 20 hours of theoretical and as many hours of practical 
work be given each year. 

Following is the outline of a course covering four years : 

Theory 

Hygiene 20 hours 

First Aid 10 hours 

Methods 20 hours 

Association History 5 hours 

Nomenclature 20 hours 

History of physical training 5 hours — 80 hrs. 



APPENDIX 2SS 

Practice 

Marching and calisthenics 20 hours 

Gymnastics 40 hours 

Gymnastic dancing 5 hours 

Rules of games and athletics 10 hours 

Recreative games 5 hours— ^ hrs. 

Section 4, That in addition to the possible 300 points as pro- 
vided for above, 100 points be given for perfect attendance at the 
leaders* club meetings (a proportionate number of points being 
deducted for each absence) and 100 points for required attend- 
ance at regular class sessions (proportionate number of points 
being deducted for each absence). 

Section 5. That the examination papers be forwarded to the 
Physical Department of the International Committee for final 
grading and that an average of 70 per cent be required for pro- 
motion. 

UNIFORMS 
Article VIII. 

Section i. The men's uniform shall consist of white sleeve- 
less shirt, navy blue or white trousers, elastics at bottom, black 
belt one inch wide and white shoes. 

Section 2, The boys' uniform shall be the same as men's with 
the exception that short pants may be worn. 
Section 3. The leaders shall bear the expense of the uniform. 

MEETINGS 
Article IX. 

Section i. The annual meeting of this club shall be held dur- 
ing the month of 

Section 2. The monthly business meeting of the club shall be 
on of each month. 

Section 3. The weekly meeting of the club for study, practical 

work, etc., shall be held on , with the exception 

of the day on which the monthly business meeting is held. 

The following shall be the order of business : 

1. Devotional period. 

2. Reading of the minutes. 

3. Unfinished business. 

4. Report of committees. 

5. New business. 

6. Adjournment. 



256 



PHYSICAL EDUCATION 



Section 4. Special meetings may be called as the occasion de- 
mands. 

QUORUM 

Article X. 

active members of the club shall constitute a quorum 

for the conduct of business. 



Emblem for Leaders' Club 




APPENDIX II 

AMATEUR ATHLETICS 

The Athletic Research Society adopted the following high 
standards : 

Definition of an Amateur Athlete 

An amateur athlete is one who participates in competitive 
physical sports only for the direct pleasure of the game. 
The Spirit of Amateurism 

The Spirit of Amateurism carries with it all that is included 
in the definition of an amateur athlete and much more. 

The Spirit of Amateurism stands for a high sense of honor, 
honesty, fair play, courtesy and temperate living on the part 
of participants — hosts or guests — officials and spectators. It 
stoops to no petty technicalities to twist or avoid the rules or to 
take an unfair advantage of opponents. 

It implies a recognition of the marked influence of athletics 
in developing organic vigor, physical fitness, intellectual ef- 
ficiency, moral qualities and social habits. It seeks to increase 
their value by exalting the standards of all sports. 

It is opposed to all practices which are harmful to individuals 
or to amateur athletics in general, such as : playing for money 
or gain of any kind, betting, selling prizes, proselyting, over- 
specialization of " star performers " to the exclusion of the 
" rank and file," etc. 

It recognizes the need for wise organization and supervision 
of athletics and cooperates in making these efficient. 

OUTLINE OF SURVEY 
General Hints 
Look for other things than the outline suggests. Be sure to 
get these, but let them lead out to other related subjects. In 
answering questions give sources of information; either names 
and addresses of individuals or the literature, as it may be 
desired to verify or follow up the facts. 

257 



258 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

Population Statistics 

1. Total population. Secure from latest census returns. 

2. Young men and boys of Association age. Estimate by 
counting one in five of the population as of Association age. 

3. Male school population. Secure from local school authori- 
ties. 

4. Industrial population — Men and boys. Secure from state 
labor report. 

Vital Statistics 

1. Mortality, (a) Classify deaths from principal causes ; (b) 
classify deaths according to age; (c) classify deaths according 
to locality. 

Consult United States Vitality Statistics, also state and local 
statistics. Secure cooperation of local health officers. 

2. Morbidity. Secure copy of local ordinances which refer to 
the reporting of contagious diseases, spitting, etc., and discover 
to what extent they are enforced. Is ophthalmia neonatorum 
reportable? Discover what diseases are more or less constant 
in the community and in what section of the community they 
are most prevalent. 

School Hygiene 
Medical Examinations 

Are medical examinations made in the schools? 
What do such examinations include? 

Do they include tests of vision and hearing, inspection of 
teeth, nose and throat and lungs? Examination of heart? 
Who makes these tests? 
When are they made, and how often? 

Secure or compile statement as to number of defects dis- 
covered. 
If no examinations are made plan to have one hundred chil- 
dren taken at random by a staff of expert physicians. 

Physical Provision for Special Cases 

How are medical examinations followed up? 

Is there a system of notification of parents? A visiting 

nurse? 
What quarantine measures are used in reference to com- 
municable diseases? 



APPENDIX 259 

Are open-air schoolrooms provided? 

Is there a class for backward children? 

If so, describe curriculum and method of conducting. 

Physical Training 

What physical training is conducted? 

By whom is it conducted? 

What is its character and extent — 

(a) calisthenics. 

(b) games. 

(c) apparatus work. 

What physical training equipment is available? 

What competitive athletics are conducted and what super- 
vision is provided? (Secure schedule of different games 
held during entire season.) Is there any supervision of 
the recess period? Is there a Public School Athletic 
League? Describe it. Is any instruction given in per- 
sonal hygiene? If so, what subjects are taught and to 
what extent? 

V entilation 
What method of ventilation is used? 
At what temperature is the school room kept? 
Is the air moistened? 

Public Recreation 
Games 
What games do the boys and young men play? 
What is the prevailing sport? (Watch them on the streets 

and inquire of leaders.) 
Are the games individualistic or group games? 
To what extent are baseball, basket ball and other team 

games played and by whom? 
State number of teams. 
Also secure last season's schedules. 
State actual or approximate number on these teams. 
What groups participate? 
To what extent and under what conditions are track and 

field sports practised? 
What athletic meets, if any, were held during the past year? 

Where? 



26o PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

What winter sports are engaged in? 

Are there any prizes offered? What kind? 

Are athletic meets held under sanction of the Amateur 

Athletic Union? 
Are there any professional sports? Describe. 
Who manages them? Who participate? 
What other opportimities are there for recreation? 
Who are the leaders of sport in the community? 

(a) Outings and picnics (describe by whom held, nature of 

program). Secure printed matter. 

(b) Moving Picture Shows. Number of, and approximate 

number attending. Character of audience. What are 
the legal restrictions? 

(c) Number and Location of Saloons. To what extent do 

they offer recreative activities ? 

(d) Number of Pool Rooms. Number of young men fre- 

quenting them and the general character of surround- 
ings. 

(e) Number of Bowling Alleys. Number of young men fre- 

quenting them and the general character of surround- 
ings. 

(f) Number of Dance Halls, (i) Public; (2) Private. 

Hours for closing. Any supervision? Number hav- 
ing liquor connected. 

(g) Number of Social and Athletic Clubs. Membership, 

size, character and age. Functions held. 

What is the principal recreation of the community? 

What seems to be the prevailing need in reference to recrea- 
tion in the community? How can it be met? 
Churches 

How many churches are there? State denominations. 

To what extent do the churches and Sunday schools en- 
gage in social and recreative life of the young men and 
boys? 

What equipment have they? 

Is there a Sunday School Athletic League? Describe it. 

Are there men's and boys' clubs in churches? Name them. 

Number in membership. Character of activities of each 
during a full year. Are they federated? 



APPENDIX 261 

Playgrounds 
Are there any public playgrounds? 
Where located? 
How supervised? 
What is the daily attendance? 
What is the daily program? 
Under whose direction are they managed? 
What further grounds are available? 
Acreage ? 
Who owns them? 

To what extent is the school a social center? 
Is there any natural local play center? 
If so, describe it. 

Bathing 
What facilities are there for public bathing? 
Indoor or outdoor? 
To what extent used? 
What supervision is there for bathing? 

(a) In the homes. 

(b) In private institutions. 

Public Hygiene 
Water Supply 

What is the source of the community's supply? 

What precautions are practiced to prevent pollution? 

Is it filtered? 

Have there been any typhoid epidemics? 

Is there a constant supply of cases? 

Sewage 
Describe the method used by individual homes for the dis- 
posal of sewage? Where is it deposited? 
Are there open sewers? 
Is there a community system of sewage? 
Describe it. 
What becomes of it finally? 

Garbage 
How is garbage disposed of? 
How often is it collected? 



262 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

What kind of receptacles are used? 

Source of the Food Supply 
Is there official inspection? 
Is any food on sale exposed? 
State in detail : 

What is the law in reference to foods? 

Is it enforced? 

What methods are used for protecting milk from con- 
tamination ? 

What is the sanitary condition of dairies? 

What is the law and practice in reference to tuberculosis? 

(See state laws on health. Find if local or county laws.) 

Living and Working Conditions 
What chief industries are located in the community? 
What is the character of the work? 
Are the sanitary conditions favorable? 
To what extent are minors employed, and their ages? 
What are the hours of work? 
What opportunities are there for recreation? 
What opportunities for lunches? 
Are hot lunches available? 
How do the workers use leisure hours? 
Character of homes — 

(a) How many one family. 

(b) How many two family. 

(c) How many three family. 

Are there privies and to what extent? 

Are there any houses that exceed in height the width of the 
street? 

Welfare Work 
Character of physical work done — 

(a) By manufacturing plants. 

(b) In other places. 

What laws are there in reference to buildings? 

Sex Hygiene 

1. Extent of the social evil. 

2. Extent of impurity among boys. 

3. What educational efforts are being used? 



APPENDIX 263 

acenaes in the community doing physical betterment 

Work 

1. Describe the health organization. 

2. Are there any organized efforts to combat tuberculo- 

sis? 

3. Are there any child welfare agencies? 

4. Outdoor gardens? 

5. Relief agencies? 

6. Women's clubs, etc? 

What Institutions Are There for Caring for the Sick and De- 
pendent? 

(a) hospitals. 

(b) clinics. 

(c) dispensaries. 

(d) homes. 

Immigrants 

1. Number of each nationality. 

2. Are there colonies of foreigners? Locate them. 

3. Under what conditions do they live? 

4. What educational efforts are being made in their behalf ? 

Crime 
Secure report of arrests for the year and ckssify them as to 
causes and the age. 

RECOMMENDATIONS 

The following are recommendations which were made in con- 
nection with a survey in a city of 38,000 and are included 
simply as a suggestion. 

I. Specifically to the Association 
I. That an extensive campaign of health education be con- 
ducted in the Association building through practical 
talks, lectures and study clubs. 
II. That the Association organize a medical staff to assist 
in the work of health education and physical ex- 
aminations. 
III. That no young man or boy be admitted to the physi- 
cal department of the Association without a preliminary 
physical examination. 



264 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

IV. That the Association plan an extensive campaign in 
the teaching of First Aid to the Injured, and that classes 
be formed to which employers shall be requested to send 
their employes, especially foremen and others who are 
in charge of groups of men. 
V. That the Association continue the promotion of com- 
munity campaigns in the teaching of elementary swim- 
ming, making the lessons available to the public schools. 

VI. That a Health League chapter be formed which will 
take charge of these lectures and also promote such 
work in churches and social organizations. (For such 
work the material of the International Health League, 
consisting of moving picture films and illustrated slides, 
will be made available for use.) 
VII. That the Physical Training Committee suggest an out- 
line of ten lectures on health topics, based upon the 
conditions revealed by the survey, together with the 
names of qualified speakers, which lectures can be used 
in the Association during the present season. 
VIII. That a systematic effort be made by the Physical Train- 
ing Committee to introduce health talks in the various 
factories, and that the Committee notify these factories 
that it holds itself in readiness to advise employers with 
reference to the organization of physical welfare work 
in their establishments. 

IX. That a conference of Association leaders in the physi- 
cal department and members of the executive staff of 
the Health Board be called for the purpose of bringing 
about a plan of cooperation between these two agencies 
in health education in the community as it touches the 
needs of young men and boys. 
X. That the Department of Health be requested to publish 
a monthly health bulletin dealing with the health prob- 
lems of the city and that these be written in popular 
language with reference to educating the people and be 
given wide distribution. 

XI. That the Department of Health be requested to issue 
a special bulletin or pamphlet dealing particularly with 
the general health conditions of the city and indicating 



APPENDIX 265 

the line of education. That the Association assist in 
giving wide distribution to these pamphlets. 
XII. That the Department of Health place on its mailing 
lists the names of the employed officers of the Associa- 
tion, as well as the members of physical department 
committees and leaders' corps. 

II. General 

XIII. That Professor be requested to write or suggest 

a pamphlet on Sex Hygiene for boys and another for 
men which can be used by the Association, and other 
agencies in the community, for an extensive educa- 
tional campaign in this subject. 

XIV. That we commend the excellent work done by Pro- 
fessor , the expert in sex education, in the special 

work done by him in lecturing to mothers' conferences 
and teachers' conferences and recommend the further 
extension of this work. 

That the series of special studies in sex education de- 
signed for pre- and early-adolescent boys, prepared 
by Dr. Winfield S. Hall, be suggested to churches 
and other organizations for use in an educational propa- 
ganda under competent leadership. That the special 
committee outline a comprehensive plan of sex educa- 
tion for the entire community, including appropriate 
literature and a selected bibliography and carefully 
selected lectures. 
XV. That the special educational pamphlet on " Alcohol and 
Its Effect Upon Mental and Physical Efficiency," writ- 
ten specifically for Young Men's Christian Associations 
by the Scientific Temperance Federation of Boston, be 
circulated with reference to educating young men and 
boys in this subject; and that a similar pamphlet be 
secured on the cigarette and its effect upon the growing 
boy. 

XVI. That an endeavor be made to have life saving and swim- 
ming taught in the public swimming places, and that an 
attempt be made to furnish facilities to the public at the 
places for swimming under supervision. 

XVII. That the committee, through the combined efforts of the 



266 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

different social and educational agencies of the commu- 
nity, plan an educational course of lectures and discus- 
sions on public hygiene dealing with such topics as the 
city's water supply, the sewerage system, garbage col- 
lection, food inspection, street cleaning, etc. 
That an expert be asked to direct the course and after 
each subject is presented the official who is at the head 
of the particular public utility being discussed be re- 
quested to present to the study club conditions as they 
obtain in the city, how they can be improved, and how 
the members of the club in particular, or laymen in gen- 
eral, may be of assistance. 
XVIII. That in view of the growing number of athletic activi- 
ties and athletic organizations in the city, the Committee 
take steps to federate these existing athletic leagues and 
agencies dealing with such sports as track and field 
sports, swimming, football, baseball, etc., for the pur- 
pose of standardizing and promoting clean sport, and 
bringing athletic opportunities to the great masses of 
boys and men not now interested. 
XIX. That the following reforms be recommended: 

(a) A more perfect and readily available statistical 
record of diseases, deaths, and births. 

(b) The codification and publication of the health laws. 

(c) Rigid requirements for the reporting of tuberculosis 
and other communicable diseases. 

(d) The speedy abolition of open privies. 

(e) The screening of manure piles. 

(f) The waging of a community-wide campaign against 
the house fly. 

(g) The appointment of additional health inspectors, 
(h) That the practice of midwifery be standardized and 

that a license be required by the city for such prac- 
tice, and only those qualified be given such a license. 
That the Committee bring this recommendation to the 
attention of the proper authorities. 
XX. We approve the efforts now being made to furnish a 
pure public water supply and in the building of a new 
filtration plant. The system should, however, be con- 
structed so as to be adequate whenever a large rain- 



APPENDIX 267 

storm occurs. We recommend that if at all possible a 
sewerage system be devised so that at no time shall 
untreated sewage enter the river. 
XXI. That the department of physical training in the public 
and high schools be extended, looking toward the co- 
ordination of the present forms of physical activity now 
in force, e. g., medical examinations and athletics under 
the direction of an expert director of technical training, 
and that a graded course in systematic and scientific 
body building, consisting of calisthenics, gymnastics, 
play, personal and public hygiene, be developed. 
That medical inspection be made of each child upon 
entrance in school and at least once more in mid-term. 
That the physical work of the high school be placed 
under the direction of a special supervisor and that 
physical training be required of at least the first two 
classes. 

That additional ungraded classes for backward children 
be organized to meet an insistent demand. 
That the Public School Athletic League be made active 
and include in its program a comprehensive plan of 
physical activity. 
XXII. We recommend the organization of a Playground Asso- 
ciation, composed of representatives of the permanent 
organizations of the city to cooperate with the agencies 
which have made the present playgrounds possible, that 
they give the work their moral and financial support 
and promote a campaign of education. 
That the sum of at least one thousand dollars be raised 
this season for the employment of a Supervisor and 
enough assistants to man three or four centers ; and to 
purchase some needed equipment for the different 
centers. 

That women assistants be selected for special lines of 
work, one for games and folk dances, another for in- 
dustrial lines, a third for kindergarten work. A sched- 
ule of interchange of these specialists be arranged so 
each specialty could be conducted at intervals in the 
several centers. 
That assistants be young men of athletic ability, able to 



268 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

conduct games and sports, and assist in conducting 
baseball leagues for employed boys, and others. 
That the Supervisor should visit the different centers, 
organize baseball leagues for boys and men, interest 
older men in playground ball, volley ball to be played 
after supper. 

We believe a moving picture machine, with pictures of 
an educational value for use at the different centers on 
scheduled nights announced in advance, would prove 
popular and do much good. 
XXIII. That the Sunday School Athletic League be more 
closely supervised, and a wider variety of physical ac- 
tivities introduced, including the teaching of personal 
hygiene; and that the athletic work be more closely 
correlated with the general work of the churches. 

SUGGESTIVE FORMS OF FOLLOW-UP LETTERS 

No. I. FoLLOw-up Letter to Former (1913) Physical Members 
Dear Mr. . . . 

I wrote you a few weeks ago about the renewal of your mem- 
bership in this Department; and we have not heard from you. 
If you find it impossible to continue your connection with this 
department, I earnestly hope you will continue to be identified 
with the Association in some of its many activities — a large 
field of interests and diversions being open to you for the small 
membership fee of two dollars. I enclose a leaflet setting forth 
the general activities of the Boston Association. 

As your name appears on a list of those who left articles of 
clothing in the lockers, let me call your attention to the enclosed 
slip which gives the rules governing the disposition of such. 

Trusting to hear something from you at an early date, I am 
Very sincerely yours. 

No. 2. Letter to Time-expired Members (Recent) 

Dear Mr. . . . 

I find on looking through our records that your membership in 
this Department has lapsed and has not been renewed. Of course 
we are loth to lose a man from our Department, for we feel that 
not only do we need you, but you need the good we can do for 



APPENDIX 269 

you; so we are anxious to have you continue one of us. Espe- 
cially now that we have such ample space and so many facilities 
and means of enjoyment. 

Since you were last among us, full use is being made of the 
three handball and squash courts, with perfect ventilation. Also 
a corking new game, Indoor Golf, has been installed, at consider- 
able expense, for the free use of all Department members. 

Our Summer arrangements include provision for several out- 
door activities here on our own ground, besides our camp in New 
Hampshire. Altogether, I feel that you have never had so much 
that is beneficial and enjoyable placed within your reach as we 
now have to offer. 

I am anxious to have this Department serve the best interests 
of the members, and will therefore welcome any constructive 
criticism that you may have to make. 

In case for any special reason you find it inconvenient at this 
time to make the full annual payment, we shall be glad to have 
you see the Membership Secretary, when an arrangement con- 
venient to yourself can doubtless be made. 

Hoping to hear from you, and with friendly regards, I am 
Very sincerely yours, 

No. 3. Letter to All Present Physical Dep't Members 
(Enclosing a Return Postal) 
Dear Mr. . . . 

We are anxious to have this Association serve as large a con- 
stituency as possible, and so are asking you as a special favor to 
give on the enclosed card the names of such of your friends as 
might be interested in the many privileges of the Department of 
Recreation & Health. If there should be anyone among those 
you name who might be influenced by a personal letter from your- 
self, would you kindly indicate him by a check-mark against the 
name? 

Thanking you on behalf of the Association for your kindness 
in this matter, I am 

Very sincerely yours, 

BIBLE AND CHRISTIAN LIFE COURSES 
The above are the courses suggested for young men, whose 
problems are mostly those of right living, overcoming temptation 
and the adjustment of the difficulties of daily life. We would 



270 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

suggest that at as far as possible each be given a religious 
emphasis. 

(a) For Boys 

1. Courses for Younger Boys: 

4 What manner of man (Life of Christ) — W. D. 

Murray 60 

Men Who Dared (O. T. Biography) — C. G. Trum- 
bull, Student's Ed., 10 ; Teacher's Ed 60 

Heroes of the Faith — Herbert W. Gates 60 

2. Courses for High School Boys: 

The Campaign of Friendship — F. M. Harris, Stu- 
dent's Ed., 10 ; Teacher's Ed 15 

Life and Works of Jesus — W. D. Murray, Stu- 
dent's Ed., .10 ; Teacher's Ed 75 

Life of Paul — A. G. Leacock 75 

Jesus the Leader (Advance Print) — F. O. Koehler, 

Student's Ed., .10; Teacher's Ed 15 

Athletes of the Bible — B. D. Brink & Paul Smith. . .60 
Life Questions of School Boys — Prof. J. W. Jenks .50 

3. Courses for Employed Boys: 

Men Who Dared — C. G. Trumbull, Student's Ed., 
.10; Teacher's Ed 60 

Christian Teaching on Social and Economic Ques- 
tions Confronting Boys — C. C. Robinson 50 

Personal Problems of Boys Who Work — Prof. 
J. W. Jenks 40 

4. Courses for Sex Education: 

(i) Boys II to 14, Life's Beginnings — Winfield S. 

Hall, M.D., Ph.D 25 

(2) Boys 15 to 19, Developing into Manhood — 

Winfield S. Hall, M.D., Ph.D 25 

(b) For Young Men 

Life Problems — Burr-Doggett-Ball-Cooper 25* 

How to Deal v^ith Temptation — R. E. Speer 25 

Young Man's Questions — R. E. Speer 80 

Principles of Jesus — R. E. Speer 70 

Second Mile — H. E. Fosdick 50 

Plain Man's Working View of Biblical Inspiration — 

A. J. Lyman 25 

Call for Character — E. L Bosworth ^5 



APPENDIX 271 

APPROVED SEX EDUCATION LITERATURE 

For Parents and Teachers 
Training the Young in Laws of Sex — Honorable E. Lyt- 

tleton, Headmaster of Eton College $1.00 

How Shall I Tell My Child — Mrs. Wood-Allen Chapman .35 

The Renewal of Life — Margaret W. Morley i.io 

The Boy Problem — Society of Sanitary and Moral 

Prophylaxis ID 

The Biology of Sex — T. W. Galloway, Professor of Biol- 
ogy, James Milliken University, Decatur, 111 i.oo 

For Boys from Ten to Fourteen 

Life's Beginnings — Winfield S. Hall, M.D., Ph.D 25 

For Boys from Thirteen to Sixteen 
From Youth Into Manhood — Winfield S. Hall, M.D., 

Ph.D 60 

Developing Into Manhood — Winfield S. Hall, M.D., Ph.D. .25 

Almost a Man — Mary Wood Allen 50 

For Young Men 

Reproduction and Sexual Hygiene — Winfield S. Hall, 

M.D., Ph.D 90 

The Strength of Being Clean — A Study of the Quest for 

Unearned Happiness — President David Starr Jordan.. .50 
Health and Hygiene of Sex (For college students) — 

Society of Sanitary and Moral Prophylaxis 10 

Eugenics and Racial Poisons — Society of Sanitary and 

Moral Prophylaxis 10 

Sexual Hygiene — Health Education League 04 

HEALTH TALKS 
Suggestive Outline of Topics for Health Talks or Lectures 
"Mouth Hygiene and Health" (stereopticon). 
"The Relation of Health to Success in One's Vocation." 
" Patent Medicines and Home Medication." 
" Coughs, Colds and Catarrh." 
" The Ear, Nose and Throat" 

"Typhoid Fever — The American Infection" (stereopticon). 
" The Latest Facts about Tobacco and Alcohol." 
" Common Sense in Diet." 
"What Surgery Can and Can Not Do." 
" Sex and Health." 
"Why Abuse Our Feet?" 



272 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

" Body and Mind — Trained for Efficiency." 

"The Great White Plague — Consumption " (stereopticon). 

" Sex Diseases." 

" Wh^n to Consult a Physician." 

"Accidents and Emergencies." 

" Care of the Eyes." 

" How the Skin May Become a Disease Fighter." 

"How to Help a Drowning Person" (stereopticon). 







may 


compete 






EVENTS 




Group (i) 






Event I. 


50- Yard Dash. 




Event 6. 


" 2. 


440- Yard Dash. 




" 7. 


" 3. 


88o-Yard Dash. 




" 8. 


" 4. 


Pole Vault. 




" 9. 


" 5. 


Climbing for Height. 


" 10. 



THE SPORTSMEN'S CLUB OF AMERICA 

Athletic Carnival, Coliseum, March 24-28 

ENTRY BLANK 
AMATEUR ATHLETIC FEDERATION NIGHT 

Harry Berkman, Chairman of Athletic Committee 

Wednesday, March 25, 19 14 

TRACK AND FIELD EVENTS 
Any athlete in good standing in his organization, affiliated with the A. A, F, 



Group (2) 

Running Broad Jump. 
One-Mile Run. 
Three Standing Jumps 
Shot Put, 12 Pounds. 
High Jump. 

PRIZES 

Individual Events 

First, 9 X 12 Shield. Second, Silver Medal. Third, Bronze Medal. 

An additional prize will be given in each event of Group 2 to 
the one finishing first in his own group, such as the I. G. U., Y. M. 
C. A., High Schools, etc., provided he is not among the first three 
winners. 

Entry Fee : First event, 35c ; 20c for each additional event. 

RELAY RACES 
Event II. One rnile, 5 men to run. Limited to units in the 
following groups, and numbered according to color mentioned 
below : 

I. G. U.— Red West Parks — Orange and Black 

Y. M. C. A.— Blue South Parks — White 

Boy Scouts — Khaki North Parks — Purple 

Sunday Schools — Orange Municipal Parks — Black 

Settlements — Gray 

Prize: Shield, 15x21. Entry Fee: $1.50 per Team. 

No shield will be given unless two teams or more are entered. 

Entries close Wednesday, March i8th, with Mr. Chas. T. Essig, 
944 First National Bank Building. No entries will be considered 
unless accompanied by fee. 

Participants must report not later than 7:30 P. M. Track and 
field events will take place at the same time. 

The size of the track is ten laps to a mile; built of wood, 
banked turns. Spike4 shoes allowed. 

273 



274 



PHYSICAL EDUCATION 



(Reverse of announcement on preceding page.) 
The Sportsmen's Club of America 

ENTRY BLANK 

AMATEUR ATHLETIC FEDERATION NIGHT 

Chicago, 1914 

Please enter me in the following: 



NAME 


ADDRESS 


EVENT 


AMOUNT 


I 










2 










3 










4 










5 








6 










7 










8 










9 










10 











Relay Team 



NAME OF TEAM 


ADDRESS 


EVENT 


AMOUNT 


I 










2 










3 










4 










5 











Enclosed please find 



for $. 



in payment. 

Organization. 



Entries Close March 18, 1914. 

Mail Entries to Chas. T. Essig, Room 944 First National Bank 

Building, Chic ago 

Phone 



.... Instructor. 

Committee 

H. Berkman, Chairman 

J. S, Andersen, E. W. Brandenberg, H. J. Reynolds, E. C. Doty, 

Chas. Cann, W. F. Hine. 



APPENDIX 



275 



Amateur Athletic Federation Basket Ball 
Championships 

J35 lbs. CLASS 



Dates Preliminariefi commencing Monday. March 16, 1914 
Place Will be announced later. 

Entrv Fee ^° entry fee of $2.50 will be required of each team. This fee must accompany each 
7 application All applications must be made on this blank. 

Prizes ^"*^ PIace~A handsome Shield and A. A.F. Championship Gold Medals for seven players. 
Second Place — Silver Medals for seven players. 
Third Place— Bronze Medals for seven players. 



Name of Team Entering _ 
Representing 

Name of Manager 

Address 



-Business Phone No._ 
. Home Phone No 



FUYEn 

1. Nflm<» 


THUMB mmr 


5. Name 

AHdrftss 


*XAYERS 


THUMBPRINT. 


AHHrAM 








6, Namft .... 






9 NflfTift 






AdHrAAa 


Addr^si" 






7. N«T"'^ .,_. 






a ffflmA 






AHHrMA 


Address _ 




8. Name 

Address— 






A NflmP 






AdHrMiJi 









I, Director or Principal of _ 



-certify that 



the above named players are eligible to compete on this team in the Amateur Athletic Federation 
Tournament under the rules of said organization. 

Signed 



Position- 



Entries close vvith ^4r. A. Hammesfahr. 1415. No. 5 So. Wabash Ave.. Monday March 9th. at 6 P. M. Drawings for 
the games will be conducted by the Basket Ball Ck)namittee on Thursday. March ]2th, at 12 o'clock noon at the Ctntral 
Y. M. C. A. club room. 5th noor. At this time protests and appeals will be heatd by tl ' committee. Managers should be 
at this meeting 

Baakei Ball Committee 

R. A. ALLEN. Y. M. C. A. R, G. REYNOLDS, Soyth P«rk 

E. C. DOTY. C.Mer*. ^ '^'" '"''"^ L. E. HAYN. Muiueip.1 Park. 

A. HAMMESFAHR, (Cook County c. C. WUXARO, Hiab Scho«h 

imaAmj School A«tB.) ** 



276 



PHYSICAL EDUCATION 



Requirements and Information 



Teams that are vouched for by the following organizations composing the Amatem- Athletic 
Federation may enter South Parks. West Parks, North Parks, Municipal Playgrounds. Turner 
Societies, Y. M. C. A^ Athletic Dept Cook Co. Sunday School Assn., Cook Co. High Schools, ChL 
Public High Schools, Suburban High Schools, Boy Scouts, Social Centers and Settlements. 

Not more than eight men may be entered as composing one team. 

The right to reject any entry Is reserved by the Cotn^ 
mittee* 

No player or team may enter both the 135-pound class and the unlimited weight class. 

Amateur Athletic Federation Rules will govern \vith such necessary changes aa shall from 
time to time be made by the Conunittee. 

Teams must furnish their own )[)all for prac^ce. The ball for tournament games will be 
furnished. 

Numbers for players will be furnished, and no player will be allowed to compete without a 
number. 

Players' ticket of admission are not good after the evening on which their team is eliminated 
from the tournament 

All players must be eligible in their own organization. 

The eligibility rules are Section V., clauses d, e., and f. which read as follows: — 

d. An athlete who has represented any organization within a year shall not be eligible 
to represent any other organization without securing a written transfer signed by a respon- 
sible oflBcial of the organization first represented. 

e An athlete transferred shall not be eligible to compete in Federation championships 
until thirty days after his transfer has been accepted by the organization receiving him. 

f. An athlete transferred a second time shall not be eligible to compete in Federation 
championships until six months after his transfer has been accepted by the organization 
receiving him. 



APPENDIX 277 

Locker Card 



Locker No. 



Com. or Key 



Name 



Individual No. 



Date of Joining 



Expiration 



Index Card 
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. etc. 



Name 


Residence Address Phone No. 


Business Address Phone No. 


Locker No. Date 


No. of Individual Date of Membership Exp. 


Interests — Class, Handball, Basketball, Athletics, 
Wrestling, Fencing, Aquatic, Camp, etc. 


Boxing, 





278 



PHYSICAL EDUCATION 



Goods Removal Notice 



No. Locker No. 




Name 






Date goods removed 


When Notified 


Articles Removed 


Pants Shirts Shoes 


Supporters 






Sweaters Balls 


Gloves, 


etc. 












Date When Called For 


Disposition of Goods 


Received from 




YM. 


C. 


A. 


Signed 



APPENDIX 27() 



LOCKER NO. 



TO UNLOCK. 

1 — Push knob in and turn to the right or left (as the case may- 
be) until it comes to a stop. 

2 — Turn knob in opposite directions the following clicks 

(no click for fractions). 

3 — Pull out the knob with slight left turn, turn to right. 

4 — Turn handle to the left and open the door. 

TO LOCK. 

1 — Close door, throw handle down hard. 

2 — Turn knob left, push in and turn left and right. 

Try locker before leaving so as to make sure it is locked. 



Valuables should be left at the main office. Lockers are but a 
means of convenience and the management does not hold itself 
responsible for losses. 

If you cannot open your locker, ask the clerk or one of directors 
to assist you. 

HINTS 

1 — To get satisfactory results, one should plan to exercise not 
less than three times per week in the gymnasium. 

2 — Go to the bath immediately after exercise and take a warm 
shower first, then cool the water gradually to cold. 

3 — A three minute shower and a five minute rub produces ex- 
cellent results. 

4 — Exercise should be supplemented with sufficient sleep, good 
ventilation everywhere and proper food properly eaten. 



280 



PHYSICAL EDUCATION 



No... 



Name... 



Natatx>rium -- 

fiuaness 

Athletics 





1 


2 


8 


4 


6 


"T 


7 


8 


8 


10 


11 


n 


13 


14 


^ 


16 


17 


18 


19 


20 


21 


^ 


23 


24 


S 


26 


27 


^ 


29 


30 


31 


Total 


Jan. 


































































Feb. 


































































Mar. 


































































Apr. 


































































May 


































































June 


































































July 


































































Aug. 


































































Sept. 


































































Oct. 


































































Nov. 


































































Dec. 





































































































































Jaa Pob • Mar Apr May Jun Jal Ati» Sop Oct Nov I>eo 

Number LOCKER RECORD 



Address 

Privilege* 

No. of locker or box 

Key 

Combination 

Goods stored 

ESPECIALLY INTERESTED INr— 

CiMt Work, Apptntut Work. Tumbling. Fencing, Wtejtilng. Boxing. Baikot-8»ll, B«»e-B»ll.(indoor 
or. outdoor) Handball, Tennis. Swimming. Summtf Camp, Indoor Athletics. Track and ricld. First Aid- 
H/glon«, Gym.. Man's Bible Classes. 

Willing to ghre t«*vlce7 , , 

Hout» 0« gmpioymant 



Signature tof good* received 



0. V. M. C. A. 



Physical Department Locker Blotter 

DATE i 



W 151 



NAMB 


AODitES» 


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k . „ 






1 



APPENDIX 



281 



DAILY CLASS RECORD 



a: UJ 






BOX RECORD 



BOX NO. 


LOCATION 


KEY NO. 






COMBINATION 


.. 


" 


*• " . 


- 


.. .. 


DATE 


NAME 


ADDRESS 




NO. 





















































































282 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

SUMMER INFORMATION BUREAU 



Name of place. , 

Post office address , Altitude 

Proprietor — ., 

Route: railroad boat • stage-... 

Fare, round trip Rate of board 

Character of board: milk eggs , 

meat vegetables fruit 

Accommodations for how many men women 

Recreations: water lake 

river sea shore 

Rowing Cost Sailing. -v Cost-. 

Kind of fishing 

Kind of hunting , 

License required Cost 



Mountains Distance ~ Height- 
Sports: Baseball Tennis Camping... 

Side trips Cost 

Music Liquor ~ Dancing 

Other attractions 

Mosquitoes - Flies Other pests 

Average rain-fall--. i Average summer temperature-... 

Neighbors: Private residences-. Hotels 

Boarding-houses- -.i^ -.Saloons 

Recommendations » ' 

Information given by - 

Member -.or promoter.... 

Remarks - 



APPENDIX 283 



MEMBERSHIP CENSUS 



Seciired by 



Personal Interview Record 

OLSVELAKD YOUNG MEN'S CHBI8TIAN ASSOOIATION 



"Kama _ Date 

Besolts of Interview 



.Secured.by-. 



284 



PHYSICAL EDUCATION 



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APPENDIX 

LEADER'S INSTRUCTION CARD 
Leader's Card Name 



DATE 


CLASS 


APPARATUS 


GRADE 


SERIES 













REGISTRATION CARD FOR GRADED CLASSES 



Name Date 

Address 

Former Experience 

Former Grade Div 

Assigned Grade Div 

Dropped Cause.... 



286 



PHYSICAL EDUCATION 




APPENDIX 287 

GRADED READING COURSE FOR PHYSICAL 
DIRECTORS 

Elementary 

Bibliography of Physical Training — J. H. McCurdy 
Bibliography of Physical Training — H. T. Bridges 
Gymnastic Nomenclature — Physical Directors' Society 

(a) Calisthenics 

Classified Exercises — A. K. Jones 

Graded Calisthenics — A. B. Wegener „ 

Indian Club Swinging — A. K. Jones 

(b) Gymnastics 
Gymnastics — Jenkins 

Light Gymnastics — Anderson 

Best Methods of Teaching Gymnastics — Anderson 
Graded Gymnasium Exercises — Physical Directors' Society 
Koehler Method of Physical Drill — W. H, Wilbur 

(c) Marching 

Manual of Marching — E. Berry and G. Cornell 

(d) Games 

Indoor and Outdoor Games — A. M. Chesley 

Games for School, Home and Playground — Jessie Bancroft 

(e) Special 

Stall Bar Exercises — Nissen 

A Manual on Wrestling — W. W. Hastings & W. E. Cann 

Boxing for Beginners (chap, on Bayonet Fighting) — 

W. J. Jacomb 
Art of Swimming — Nelligan 
At Home in the Water — George H. Corsan 

(f) Athletics 

Basket Ball Rules — Spalding Library 

Football Rules — Spalding Library 

Athletic Primer — J. E. Sullivan — Spalding Library 



288 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

Hand Ball Rules — Spalding Library 

Volley Ball — Physical Directors' Society in A. L. N. A. 

Handbook 
Practical Track and Field Athletics — Graham and Clark 
Training — McLaren 

(g) Massage 

Massage — Ostrum 

Mechano-therapy — Mitchell and Gulick 

(h) Philosophical 

Physical Education by Muscular Exercise — Gulick 
The Coming City — Ely 

(i) Physical Diagnosis and Measurements 
Anthropometry — J. W. Seaver 
Physical Diagnosis — Cabot 

(j) Anatomy and Physiology 
Anatomy — Henry Gray 
Textbook of Physiology — Howell 
Human Body (Advanced Course) — Martin 
Human Physiology — Starling 

(k) First Aid and Medical Gymnastics 

Immediate Care of the Injured — A. S. Morrow 
The Human Mechanism — Hough and Sedgwick 
Handbook of Medical Gymnastics — Dr. Anders Wide 

(1) Personal Hygiene 

The Efficient Life — Dr. L. H. Gulick 

Making Life Worth While — Herbert Fisher 

Good Health — Jewett 

Reproduction and Sexual Hygiene — Dr. W. S. Hall 

Health, Strength and Power — Sargent 

(m) General 

History of the North American Young Men's Christian 

Associations — Morse 
Life of Sir Geo. Williams 
Life of Robert McBurney 



APPENDIX 289 

(n) Societies and Journals 

Physical Directors' Society of the Young Men's Christian 
Association of North America including Physical Training 

American Physical Education Association including Ameri- 
can Physical Education Review 

Advanced 

(a) Biological 

Growth and Education — John M. Tyler 

The Child; a Study in the Evolution of Man — Chamberlain 

Man and Woman — Havelock Ellis 

Fundamentals of Child Study — Kirkpatrick 

Outlines of Evolutionary Biology — Dendy 

Man an Adaptive Mechanism — Crile 

(b) Eugenics 

Parenthood and Race Culture — C. W. Saleeby 

Heredity — Thompson 

Heredity and Environment — Conklin 

Heredity in Relation to Eugenics — Davenport 

Social Direction of Human Evolution — Kellicott 

Natural Rights — Ritchie 

Effects of Tropical Light on White Men — Woodruff 

Coming Generation — Forbush 

(c) Technical 

Special Kinesiology of Educational Gymnastics — Baron Nils 

Posse 
Text-book of German-American Gymnastics — Wm. Stecher 
Progressive Gymnastic Day's Orders — Enebuske 
Public School Athletic League Official Handbook — Spalding 

Library 

(d) Physiological 

Studies in Physiological Chemistry — Chittenden 
The Growth of the Brain — Donaldson 

(e) Psychological 

Adolescence, 2 vols. — G. Stanley Hall 
Outlines of Physiological Psychology — Ladd 



290 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

Psychology — James (Advanced), 2 vols. 

Brain and Personality — W. Hanna Thomson 

Psychology of the Emotions — Ribot 

Psychology — Angell 

Psychology and Industrial Efficiency — Munsterburg 

Psychology in Daily Life — Seashore 

(f) Personal Hygiene 

The Human Mechanism — Hough and Sedgwick 

Rational Living — King 

Manual of Personal Hygiene — Pyle 

Physical Effects of Smoking — Fisher & Berry 

Good Health; How to Get It and How to Keep It — A. H. 

Doty, M.D. 
How to Live — Fisher & Fiske 

(g) Public Hygiene 

Hygiene and Public Health — Parkes & Kenwood 

(h) Sociological 

Handicaps of Childhood — H. A. Bruce 

The Boy Problem — Forbush 

Christianity and the Sex Problem — Northcote 

Christianity and the Social Crisis — Rauschenbusch 

Constructive and Preventive Philanthropy — Lee 

Town and City — Jewett 

The Bitter Cry of the Children — John Spargo 

On the Trail of the Immigrant — Steiner 

The New Basis of Civilization — Patten 

Social Elements — Henderson 

The Criminal — Havelock Ellis 

U. S. Mortality and Vitality Statistics 

State and Local Board of Health Reports 

Pure Sociology — Ward 

General Sociology — Small 

Elements of Sociology — Giddings 

Social Organization — Cooley 

(i) General 

Elements of the Science of Nutrition — Graham Lusk 
The Fundamental Basis of Nutrition — Lusk 



APPENDIX 291 

Physiological Economy in Nutrition — Chittenden 

Blood and Blood Pressure — Oliver 

Physiology of Bodily Exercise — Lagrange 

Fatigue — Angelo Mosso 

Student's History of Philosophy — Rogers 

Ethics — Dewey and Tufts 

Origin and Growth of the Moral Instincts — Sutherland, 

2 vols. 
Education as Adjustment — O'Shea 
Education in Religion and Morals — Coe 
Education — Thorndike 

(J) Play 

Play of Animals — Karl Groos 
Play of Man — Karl Groos 

(k) Societies and Periodicals 

American Physical Education Association including Ameri- 
can Physical Education Review 

American Association for the Advancement of Science and 
the weekly periodical Science 

American Youth 

Popular Science Monthly 

Survey 

Physical Training 

Association Men 

Mind and Body 



INDEX 

PAGE 

American Athletic Union 14, 180, 187 

American Humane Society 214 

American Physical Education Society 216 

American National Red Cross Society 138, 213 

American Social Hygiene Society 213 

Appendix : 

Amateur athletics , 257 

Approved sex education literature 271 

Athletic League of Y. M. C. A. of North America 243 

Bible and Christian life courses 269 

Graded reading course for Physical Directors 286 

Health talks, outline of topics 271 

Physical Director, title and grading of 246 

Printed matter samples : 

Athletic contest entry blanks, etc 274 

Attendance and record cards 280 

Box record 281 

Daily class record 281 

Follow-up letters to department members 2(:^ 

Leaders' instruction card 285 

Locker and index cards 277 

Membership census 283 

Monthly class schedule 284 

Personal interview record 283 

Registration card for graded classes 285 

Sample posters 286 

Summer information bureau 282 

Swimming and Life Saving Club 236 

Swimming campaign 232 

Survey outline 257 

Recommendations 26^ 

Association Physical Work: 

Day's order 113, 132 

Diagrams showing organization ....* 75, 76 

General scope classified 21 

Policy 76 

Principles 19, 58 

292 



INDEX 293 

Association Physical Work {continued) page 

Supreme objective 57 

Table showing results sought and type of work for groups no 
Year's program Ii6 

Athletic administrative bodies I79 

Athletic League of Y. M. C. A. of North America 

13, 16, 127, 187, 209 

Athletic Research Society 168, 177 

Boards of health, local and state 213, 214 

Budget, suggested form 79 

Charity organizations 215 

Christian leadership 7, 150 

Constitution of Leaders' Club 250 

Department program 108 

Employed officers' conference 206 

Extension Work : 

Within the building 144 

Outside the building 146 

General Secretaries' Insurance Alliance 208 

Gulick, Dr. Luther H 9, 11 

Health Education 134 

Community hygiene 139 

First aid to injured 137 

Personal hygiene 137 

Sex hygiene 138 

Health Education League 212 

Health League, National 15 

History: 

Beginning of the Young Men's Christian Association i 

First Associations in America i 

First gymnasiums in America 2 

First International Physical Department secretary 11 

First Physical Director 3 

First summer school 121 

Introduction of German and Swedish methods 4 

Lewis's " new gymnastics " 4 

New methods of Dr. Hitchcock and R. J. Roberts 5, 7 

Physical work extends to foreign mission lands 16 



294 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

History {continued) page 

Social service in the department i6 

The " triangle *' emblem 12 

Training schools and the physical work 16, 201 

Hitchcock, Dr. Edward 5 

Institute and Training School — Chicago and Lake Geneva 

12, 16, 201 

International Committee : 

Clearing house 205 

Conciliates and arbitrates 205 

Conducts research work 204 

Department of interpretation and extension 206 

Makes surveys and operates helpful auxiliaries 204 

Publishes needed material 204 

Recruits and places men 205 

Relating agency 204 

Serves summer schools and other Association agencies . . . 205 

Serves prisoners of war camps 217 

International Training College, Springfield 12 

Juvenile courts 215 

Leaders* Corps 10, 15 

Lewis, Dr. Diocletian 8 

McBurney, Robert R 4 

National Collegiate Athletic Association 186 

National Life Saving Organizaton 213 

National Playground and Recreation Association 215 

North American Turnerbund 185 

Other physical training agencies 215 

Physical Department: ^ 

Activities ■, 73 

Day's order 113 

Extension work ^ 79, 144 

Health education y/y 79, 124 

Object and principles ,. . . 55 

Program 108 

Recreation and competition y^^ 123 



INDEX 295 

PAGE 

Religious work 79, 141 

Social work 132 

Year's policy 76 

Year's program 116 

Business methods: 

Budget, how made and used 79 

Business habits 89 

Control of department g8 

Correspondence , 93 

Fees: 

A-la-carte 88 

For clubs and teams 89 

For special features 88 

Full membership 87 

Locker 88 

Locker room records 90 

Office records 89 

Supplies I02f 

Upkeep : 

Inspection 98 

Janitors and good housekeeping 99 

Repairs 99 

Sanitation 99 

Leaders' Club 83 

Constitution 250 

Members : 

Assignment to work 107 

Examination 104 

Introduction to department 103 

Locker assignment 106 

Personal advice 106 

Organization 74, 81 

Illustrative diagrams 75, 76 

Policy 76 

Supervision 98 

Physical Department Committee 72,^ 148, 161 

Physical Director : 

Beginning in a new field 171 

Changing positions 172 

Code of ethics , 174 

Development, some essentials to 154 

Committee work 159 

Conferences and conventions 156 

Public speaking 159 



296 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

Physical Director — Development {cont'd) page 

Reading 155 

Research work 160 

Study of the movement 160 

Summer schools , 157 

Organization of time 169 

Qualifications 150 

Business and executive ability 151, 154 

Christian character 150 

Personality 153 

Religious leadership 150 

Technical skill 152 

Training, general and technical 152 

Relationships : 

Board or committee of management 161 

Church 167 

Department clubs and committees 165 

Finances 164 

General secretary 161 

General work 165 

His associates 166 

Other departments 161 

Outside agencies 166 

Title and grading of 246 

Physical directors' conferences 14, 15, 17 

Physical Directors' Society I5, I7, 207 

Physical Training 15 

Physical training in rural communities 44 

( 
Recreation and athletic competition: 

Formal competition 125 

General statement 125 

Types : 

Classification meets 128 

Group contests 127 

Intramural contests 128 

Representative meets 128 

Short-time meets 128 

Apparatus 131 

Awards 129 

Conduct of meet 131 

Events 129 

Officials 130 

Organizing the meet 129 



INDEX 2g7 

Recreation and athletic competition {cont'd) page 

Printed matter 130 

Scoring methods 129 

Informal competition 123 

Inside the building 125 

Outside the building 125 

Reed, David Allen 11, 201 

Religious work 10, 12, 79, 141 

Roberts, Robert J 7, 12 

Rural Manhood 49, 52 

Rural physical training: 

Changing conditions in the country 45 

Health education needed 46 

Practical suggestions 53 

Recreation problems 48 

Sanitary requirements 46 

School children neglected 47 

Surveys 51 

The " new athletics '' 49 

Scientific Temperance Federation 212 

Social features 132 

Society of Social Hygiene 213 

Society for the Suppression of Vice 214 

Smith, Dr. J. Gardner 10 

Standard Leaders' Club ^ 

Study of the field : 

Community characteristics 22 

Conduct of a survey 24 

Summer activities — suggestions 120, 230 

Summer schools 12, 202 

Sunday School Athletic League 147, 180 

Supervising agencies ,,, 203 

Surveys 51, 204, 257 

Training schools 12, 16, 201 

Tuberculosis societies 215 

United States Experiment Stations 214 

United States Volunteer Life Saving Corps 215 

Work among boys 26 

Winter activities , 116 



298 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
Willian s, Sir George 



y. M. C A. organizations — general: 

Athletic League of Y. M. C. A. of Canada 212 

Athletic League of Y. M. C. A. of North America 

13, 16, 127, 187, 209 

Employed Officers' Conference 206 

General Secretaries' Insurance Alliance 208 

Physical Directors' Society I5, I7» 207 

Physical Training ■ ^5 

Physical Training in Army and Navy 217 

State and International Committees 204, 206 



